JAMA Intern Med:男性大量补钙或致心脏病死亡风险升高

2013-02-17 JAMA Intern Med 中国医学论坛报 高晓方 翻译

    美国学者的一项研究表明,男性大量补钙与其心血管疾病(CVD)死亡风险增加相关。论文2013年2月4日在线发表于《美国医学会杂志·内科学》(JAMA Intern Med)。   研究共纳入38万多名50~71岁的受试者。在平均12年随访期间,与不补钙者相比,男性补充性钙摄入超过1000 mg/d与CVD死亡风险升高相关[相对危险(RR)=1.20

补钙对心血管有害?
 

  美国学者的一项研究表明,男性大量补钙与其心血管疾病(CVD)死亡风险增加相关。论文2013年2月4日在线发表于《美国医学会杂志·内科学》(JAMA Intern Med)。

  研究共纳入38万多名50~71岁的受试者。在平均12年随访期间,与不补钙者相比,男性补充性钙摄入超过1000 mg/d与CVD死亡风险升高相关[相对危险(RR)=1.20],其中与心脏病死亡风险相关的RR=1.19,95%可信区间为1.03~1.37,与脑血管疾病死亡无显著相关(RR=1.14,95%可信区间为0.81~1.61);补充性钙摄入与女性CVD死亡、心脏病死亡及脑血管病死亡均不相关(图)。在男性和女性中,膳食钙摄入均与心血管疾病死亡无关。

  补钙对心血管有害?

  瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院 拉尔森(Larsson)

  钙是体内最为丰富的矿物质,并且对维持骨骼和牙齿强度具有关键意义。此外,钙为机体基本功能所必需,其中包括神经传导、凝血、血压、肌肉收缩、酶活化和激素调节。钙剂补充往往与维生素D联合应用以改善钙吸收。约有43%的美国人应用含钙的膳食补充剂。

  鉴于钙剂补充应用广泛,因此其对健康的利弊影响具有极为重要的临床和公共卫生意义。钙剂补充被广泛用于预防和治疗骨质疏松。

  一项涉及29项随机对照试验(RCT)的荟萃分析显示,钙剂补充可降低老年人群的骨折风险和骨丢失率。动物试验、临床和流行病学大量证据显示,获得充足钙剂或可降低结直肠癌风险。

  既往认为,钙剂补充为满足钙需要的安全备选方案,但近期研究提示其对心血管疾病和相关死亡具有潜在不良作用。以补充形式超量摄入钙剂可导致高钙血症,进而可引发肾功能不全、血管和软组织钙化和肾结石。

  既往有数项RCT通过二次分析评估了钙剂补充对心血管疾病事件的影响,并对钙剂补充的安全性提出了质疑。此项研究对过量钙剂补充可能对心血管健康具有不良影响的理论提供了更多支持依据。

  芬兰一项涉及10555名女性的研究提示,钙剂补充与冠心病风险升高24%具有相关性。德国一项前瞻性研究亦表明,钙剂补充者的心肌梗死风险显著升高86%。

  然而,美国两项前瞻性研究提示钙剂补充与心血管疾病死亡或致命性缺血性心脏病呈负相关。

  未来须实施大型研究以进一步评估钙剂补充对心血管疾病发病和死亡的影响。进食富含钙剂的食物为钙剂补充的安全备选方案。


Importance  
Calcium intake has been promoted because of its proposed benefit on bone health, particularly among the older population. However, concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effect of high calcium intake on cardiovascular health.
Objective  
To investigate whether intake of dietary and supplemental calcium is associated with mortality from total cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart disease, and cerebrovascular diseases.
Design and Setting  
Prospective study from 1995 through 1996 in California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania and the 2 metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Georgia, and Detroit, Michigan.
Participants  
A total of 388 229 men and women aged 50 to 71 years from the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study.
Main Outcome Measures  
Dietary and supplemental calcium intake was assessed at baseline (1995-1996). Supplemental calcium intake included calcium from multivitamins and individual calcium supplements. Cardiovascular disease deaths were ascertained using the National Death Index. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs.
Results  
During a mean of 12 years of follow-up, 7904 and 3874 CVD deaths in men and women, respectively, were identified. Supplements containing calcium were used by 51% of men and 70% of women. In men, supplemental calcium intake was associated with an elevated risk of CVD death (RR>1000 vs 0 mg/d, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05-1.36), more specifically with heart disease death (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.03-1.37) but not significantly with cerebrovascular disease death (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.81-1.61). In women, supplemental calcium intake was not associated with CVD death (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.96-1.18), heart disease death (1.05; 0.93-1.18), or cerebrovascular disease death (1.08; 0.87-1.33). Dietary calcium intake was unrelated to CVD death in either men or women.
Conclusions and Relevance  
Our findings suggest that high intake of supplemental calcium is associated with an excess risk of CVD death in men but not in women. Additional studies are needed to investigate the effect of supplemental calcium use beyond bone health.


    

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