Nature:让病原菌“缺铁”帮助阻断肺部感染蔓延

2020-04-04 佚名 生物通

苏黎世大学医学微生物研究所教授Markus Seeger领导的一项研究详细分析了负责将铁从受感染宿主细胞转运到细菌中的蛋白质。

在世界范围内结核分枝杆菌是最具破坏性的病原体之一,根据WHO数据,2019年有150万人死于结核病。对多种抗结核病的特效药产生抗性是医生和患者最担心的事情,对科研人员来说,需要尽快研发治疗结核病的新型药。

所有生物(包括病原体)都需要铁才能生存。当人类细胞感染了结核分枝杆菌等病原体后,会将铁的浓度降到最低,从而把病“饿死”。反过来,结核菌会释放名为结核菌素(mycobactins)的小分子,把宿主细胞中的铁偷过来。结核菌素捕获的游离铁被名为IrtAB的蛋白质运输进细菌内。

苏黎世大学医学微生物研究所教授Markus Seeger领导的一项研究详细分析了负责将铁从受感染宿主细胞转运到细菌中的蛋白质。“如果IrtAB不存在或不起作用了,结核分枝杆菌将无法在人体内繁殖,”Seeger说。

这项发表在《Nature》上的研究结合了冷冻电镜和X射线晶体学技术,首次解决了转运蛋白IrtAB的高分辨率结构。根据其空间结构,IrtAB属于ABC外向转运蛋白(exporters),通常与分子流出细菌细胞有关。“我们的研究证明,IrtAB实际上可以将结核菌素导入结核分枝杆菌。也就是说,它以与预期相反的方向运输分子,”Seeger说。

在IrtAB的帮助下,结合了铁的结核菌素被导入细菌后,铁被释放到了细胞内,空载的结核菌素被重新回收去结合新的铁。

Seeger说。“IrtAB是潜在的药物靶标,因为它的缺失使结核分枝杆菌失活并且无法感染。通过我们对其功能和结构的阐明,我们开发了新的抑制铁转运进入细菌的药物途径。考虑到影响全球的肺部疾病COVID-19,这项对结核分枝杆菌的研究将发挥更重要的作用。完全可以想象,被COVID-19削弱后,患者的肺结核感染率将会增加。”

原始出处:Fabian M. Arnold, Miriam S. Weber, Imre Gonda, et al. The ABC exporter IrtAB imports and reduces mycobacterial siderophores. Nature. 25 March 2020

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世界上三分之一的人口被认为感染了结核分枝杆菌,一种能引发肺结核的细菌,但是仅仅一小部分人曾出现有症状的疾病。如今,一个国际研究小组已经在潜伏感染人群的血液中鉴定出生物标记物,这给医生们提供了一种他们长期寻找的工具:一种预测谁正处于感染活性肺结核疾病风险的方法。如果通过其他临床试验得以确证,一种基于这些血液标记物的测试将使得医生能够针对高风险人群予以治疗,从而预防他们患病。

Am J Trop Med Hyg:变革性研究有望终止全球很大的传染病之一:肺结核

根据2018年3月发表在《美国热带医学与卫生杂志》上的一篇文章指出,为了控制并最终消灭结核病,必须采取更密集的生物医学研究方法。在这篇文章中,美国国立卫生研究院下属的国家过敏和传染病研究所(NIAID)所长讨论了通过应用新的诊断、治疗和疫苗方法实现结核病研究现代化的必要性。