警惕!这8种呼吸科常用药物一旦过量,后果严重

2017-07-07 李沐梓 医学界呼吸频道

在采用药物治疗疾病时,弄清楚药物的剂型,选择适当的剂量、根据不同的疾病和所用的药物来确定疗程是非常重要的。


在采用药物治疗疾病时,弄清楚药物的剂型,选择适当的剂量、根据不同的疾病和所用的药物来确定疗程是非常重要的。

抗炎平喘药

适用于缓解、消除或预防支气管哮喘的药物。主要适应证为哮喘和喘息性的支气管炎。

1.肾上腺素受体激动药

其中异丙肾上腺素不得随意增大药物剂量。异丙肾上腺素对β1和β2受体均具有明显激动作用,对α受体几乎无作用,其松弛支气管平滑肌作用比肾上腺素强。吸入给药1分钟起效,可维持1~2小时,主要用于支气管哮喘急性发作。

常见不良反应有心率加快、心悸,为β1受体激动兴奋心脏所致。有肌震颤现象,与激动骨骼肌上的β2受体有关。长期反复应用时平喘作用降低,但心脏对药物的反应并不降低,因此任意增加剂量,可产生严重的心律失常,甚至室颤而死亡。尤其是当患者严重缺氧时,心肌更为敏感,应特别注意。

2.茶碱类

茶碱类药物属于黄嘌呤类药物,为常用的平喘药物,可以:①松弛气道平滑肌;②改善呼吸功能;③强心作用;④此外还有微弱的利尿作用,适用于心源性哮喘。

茶碱类发挥舒张支气管作用的安全范围为10-20mg/L。超过20 mg/L时不良反应明显增加。早期多见有恶心、呕吐、头痛、不安、失眠、易激动等,严重时可出现心律失常、精神失常、惊厥、昏迷,甚至出现呼吸、心跳停止而引起死亡,一旦发现毒性症状,应立即停药。茶碱类的生物利用度和消除速度个体差异较大,因此氨茶碱使用中不得随意增大药物剂量,临床用药应定期监测血药浓度,及时调整用量以避免出现茶碱类中毒反应。

3.糖皮质激素类

糖皮质激素是目前治疗哮喘最有效的药物。糖皮质激素具有强大的抗炎和抗过敏作用,分为全身性应用激素及表面激素。

全身性应用激素是治疗哮喘急性发作和中重度哮喘的重要药物,其不良反应较多,应掌握好应用指征,随意增大剂量可能导致内分泌紊乱、糖尿病、二重机会感染消化道溃疡、激素依赖等不良反应。表面激素则避免了全身性不良反应。但近年来发现,长期吸入糖皮质激素亦能使气道上皮基底膜变厚,平滑肌增生,不可逆地增加气道反应性。

4.抗胆碱药

代表药物为阿托品,为阻断M胆碱受体的抗胆碱药,能解除平滑肌的痉挛;抑制腺体分泌;解除迷走神经对心脏的抑制,使心跳加快;散大瞳孔,使眼压升高;兴奋呼吸中枢。呼吸科一般用作麻醉前给药,可减少麻醉过程中支气管黏液分泌,预防术后引起肺炎,并可消除吗啡对呼吸的抑制。

阿托品用较大剂量可轻度兴奋延髓和大脑,2-5mg时兴奋加强,出现焦虑不安、多言、谵妄;中毒剂量常致幻觉、定向障碍、运动失调和惊厥等,也可由兴奋转入抑制,出现昏迷及呼吸麻痹。急救口服阿托品中毒者可洗胃、导泻,以清除未吸收的阿托品。兴奋过于强烈时可用短效巴比妥类或水合氯醛。呼吸抑制时用尼可刹米。另外,可皮下注射新斯的明 0.5-1mg,每15分钟1次,直至瞳孔缩小、症状缓解为止。

对阿托品类药物过敏者应避免使用,青光眼和前列腺肥大患者宜慎用。目前临床用于COPD治疗的抗胆碱药主要有异丙托溴铵、噻托溴铵,且以吸入为主。

镇咳药

作用于咳嗽反射的中枢或外周部位,抑制咳嗽反射的药物。

1.可待因

可待因又称甲基吗啡,是阿片所含的生物碱之一,是目前有效的镇咳药。主要用于剧烈的刺激性干咳,也用于中等强度的疼痛。作用持续4-6小时,过量易产生兴奋、烦躁不安等中枢兴奋症状。久用也可成瘾,应控制使用。

2.右美沙芬

为中枢性镇咳药,强度与可待因相等或略强。无镇痛作用,长期服用无成瘾性。治疗量不抑制呼吸,不良反应少见。过量时可有中枢抑制作用。

祛痰药

能使痰液变稀而易于排出。能增加呼吸道分泌,稀释痰液或降低其黏稠度,使痰易于咳出,改善咳嗽和哮喘症状。因此,祛痰药还能起到镇咳、平喘作用。

1.氯化铵

口服刺激胃黏膜的迷走神经末梢,反射性地增加呼吸道腺体分泌,使痰液变稀而祛痰。很少单独使用,多配成复方制剂应用。服用大量时可产生酸中毒。溃疡病及肝、肾功能不良者慎用。

2.乙酰半胱氨酸

为半胱氨酸的N-乙酰化物,能使黏痰中连接黏蛋白肽链的二硫键断裂,使黏蛋白分解成小分子的肽链,使痰的黏滞性降低,易于咳出。吸入用于黏痰阻塞气道、咳痰困难者。紧急时气管内滴入,可迅速使痰变稀,便于吸引排痰。有特殊臭味,可引起恶心、呕吐,可导致支气管痉挛,加用异丙肾上腺素可以避免。支气管哮喘患者应慎用。滴入气管可产生大量分泌液,故应及时吸引排痰。雾化吸入时不宜与铁、铜、橡胶和氧化剂接触,应以玻璃或塑料制品作喷雾器。也不宜与青霉素、头孢菌素、四环素混合,以免降低抗生素活性。

所以在应用药物的过程中,不可误认为盲目加大药物剂量就能提高疗效,疾病就会好得快。应从“最低剂量、最少次数”开始,不得随意自行加减药物剂量。

参考文献:

1.王良兴.平喘药物的合理应用[J].2012年浙江省内科学年会论文集.

2.胡雪梅. 平喘药物的临床药理及合理应用[J].中国现代药物应用,2010,4(19):233-234.

3.黄育鸿,张妙英.镇咳药物的临床合理应用探讨[J].临床合理用药杂志,2010,15:113.

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    不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2085387, encodeId=08e9208538e3f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70f14863158' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48631, encryptionId=70f14863158, topicName=常用药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Mon Oct 02 15:04:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1619194, encodeId=1350161919466, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=049148630cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48630, encryptionId=049148630cb, topicName=常用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Sun Jul 09 10:04:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219901, encodeId=da8f21990119, content=不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 09:40:54 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219900, encodeId=0a3a219900b8, content=不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 09:40:45 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219825, encodeId=0aad21982551, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:58:46 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219796, encodeId=c94d219e9640, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:42:57 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-08 明天会更好!

    不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2085387, encodeId=08e9208538e3f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70f14863158' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48631, encryptionId=70f14863158, topicName=常用药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Mon Oct 02 15:04:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1619194, encodeId=1350161919466, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=049148630cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48630, encryptionId=049148630cb, topicName=常用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Sun Jul 09 10:04:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219901, encodeId=da8f21990119, content=不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 09:40:54 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219900, encodeId=0a3a219900b8, content=不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 09:40:45 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219825, encodeId=0aad21982551, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:58:46 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219796, encodeId=c94d219e9640, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:42:57 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-08 惠映实验室

    学习了,谢谢

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2085387, encodeId=08e9208538e3f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70f14863158' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48631, encryptionId=70f14863158, topicName=常用药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Mon Oct 02 15:04:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1619194, encodeId=1350161919466, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=049148630cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48630, encryptionId=049148630cb, topicName=常用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Sun Jul 09 10:04:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219901, encodeId=da8f21990119, content=不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 09:40:54 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219900, encodeId=0a3a219900b8, content=不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 09:40:45 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219825, encodeId=0aad21982551, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:58:46 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219796, encodeId=c94d219e9640, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:42:57 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-08 189****7206

    学习了受益匪浅

    0