抗结核病药致肝损,如何防治?

2018-01-04 黄惠娟 陈楚雄 逸仙药学V

抗结核病药能抑制或杀灭结核杆菌,其中一线药有异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素、吡嗪酰胺等。在抗结核治疗过程中可能会出现各种不同程度的药物不良反应,其中以药物性肝损伤(DILI)最为多见,危害性最大,轻者表现为一过性转氨酶升高,重者可致肝衰竭,甚至危及生命,部分患者因此不得不中止抗结核治疗,从而影响结核病的治疗效果。一项研究表明我国抗结核药所致 DILI发生率为 2.55%。以下内容根据《抗结核药所

抗结核病药能抑制或杀灭结核杆菌,其中一线药有异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素、吡嗪酰胺等。在抗结核治疗过程中可能会出现各种不同程度的药物不良反应,其中以药物性肝损伤(DILI)最为多见,危害性最大,轻者表现为一过性转氨酶升高,重者可致肝衰竭,甚至危及生命,部分患者因此不得不中止抗结核治疗,从而影响结核病的治疗效果。一项研究表明我国抗结核药所致 DILI发生率为 2.55%。以下内容根据《抗结核药所致药物性肝损伤诊断与处理专家建议》整理而成。



一线抗结核药物作用机理及不良反应

一、抗结核药所致 DILI 的相关危险因素:老年人、酗酒、肝炎病毒感染或合并其他急慢性肝病、营养不良和人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染等是其共同的危险因素。遗传易感性因素包括乙酰化状态和基因多态性。

二、抗结核药所致 DILI 的临床分型

1、肝细胞损伤型:该类型最多见,且发生肝衰竭的概率最高。

2、胆汁淤积型:该类型的预后相对较好,很少发生肝硬化。

3、混合型

三、抗结核药所致 DILI 的处理

(一)处理原则

1、治疗前应综合评估患者的结核病病情、肝损伤程度、相关危险因素及全身状况等。

2、仅 ALT<3倍ULN,无明显症状,无黄疸,可在密切观察下保肝治疗,并酌情停用肝损伤发生频率高的抗结核药物。

3、ALT≥3倍ULN,或总胆红素>12倍ULN,应停用肝损伤发生频率高的抗结核药物,保肝治疗,密切观察。

4、ALT≥5倍ULN,或ALT≥3倍ULN伴有黄疸、恶心、呕吐、乏力等症状,或总胆红素≥3 倍ULN,应立即停用所有抗结核药物,积极保肝治疗。

(二)抗结核药所致 DILI 的预防

1、抗结核治疗前应详细询问既往用药史,有无酗酒史和肝病史等,同时应进行较全面的检查,包括肝脏生化指标、肝炎病毒血清免疫标志物检查等。

2、有高危因素的患者需谨慎选用抗结核药物,尽量少用或慎用肝损伤发生频率较高的抗结核药物。

3、在抗结核治疗中应严密监测肝脏生化指标的变化。

4、有高危因素者:前 2 个月每 1~2 周监测肝功能 1 次,此后若肝功能正常可每月监测 1~2 次。

5、无高危因素者:每月监测肝功能 1 次。出现肝损害可疑症状时应及时监测肝功能。

6、应尽可能避免同时并用其他损害肝脏的药物。

7、对合并慢性乙型肝炎的患者,如具有抗病毒治疗指征,则应尽快采用抗乙肝病毒药物治疗,同时或稍后进行抗结核治疗。

8、建议对有高危因素的患者给予预防性保肝治疗。

(三)抗结核药所致 DILl 的治疗

一般处理:包括休息、营养支持、维持水和电解质及热量平衡等。

保肝治疗药物:

1、保肝药物:可减轻肝损伤,促进肝细胞再生,改善肝脏功能



2、利胆类药物:可促进胆汁分泌、降低胆红素,适用于胆汁淤积型DILI



3、降酶治疗:

代表药物有联苯双酯,该药为五味子丙素的中间体,近期降低ALT作用较为肯定,但远期疗效较差,停药后容易反跳,且有用药后出现黄疸及病情恶化的报道,应引起重视;双环醇除抗炎保肝作用外,也具有明显的降酶作用。

4、改善肝细胞能量代谢:

腺苷三磷酸、辅酶A、肌苷和维生素类等可通过改善肝细胞能量代谢,在一定程度上起到保护肝细胞的作用,也可以适当使用维生素B等。脂溶性维生素的剂量较大时可能加重肝脏负担,一般不建议使用。

5、促肝细胞生长和肝功能替代疗法:

促肝细胞生长素可刺激正常肝细胞DNA合成,促进肝细胞再生,可用于亚急性重型肝炎的辅助治疗。重症DILI患者可用人工肝支持疗法或人工肾治疗,必要时进行肝移植。

6、糖皮质激素的应用:

糖皮质激素对DILI的疗效尚缺乏随机对照研究,应严格掌握治疗适应证,宜用于超敏或自身免疫征象明显、且停用肝损伤药物后生化指标改善不明显甚或继续恶化的患者,并应充分权衡治疗收益和可能的不良反应。

(四)肝功能恢复中和恢复后的抗结核药物应用

肝功能恢复中和恢复后如何应用抗结核药物,国内外均无统一的规定和标准。ATS 建议,当 ALT 降至 2 倍 ULN 以下时,可考虑重新加用利福平,合用或不合用乙胺丁醇,3-7 d 后加用异烟肼,在此期间及时检测相关生化指标,若再次出现肝功能异常,应停用最后所加药物,待肝脏生化指标恢复正常后逐步调整或更改抗结核治疗方案。

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    2018-01-05 wgx309
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    2018-01-04 xyfg98

    学习了.详细阐述了护肝药分类及作用机制

    0

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    2018-01-04 stupidox

    很好的文章,学习了。

    0

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    2018-01-04 忠诚向上

    好好学习天天向上

    0

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    2018-01-04 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

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