新冠病毒检测常态化,生物安全二级实验室建设知多少?

2020-06-29 伍婷婷 陈刘俊 检验医学网

新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球至今已感染超过1000万人,新冠病毒感染“金标准”——“病毒核酸检测”是整个疫情控制过程中的不可或缺的重要环节。随着复工复产、疫情境外输入压力不断增大,以及无症状感染者存在一定传播

新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球至今已感染超过1000万人,新冠病毒感染“金标准”——“病毒核酸检测”是整个疫情控制过程中的不可或缺的重要环节。随着复工复产、疫情境外输入压力不断增大,以及无症状感染者存在一定传播风险等情况,部门对新冠病毒检测工作也提出了新的要求。

新冠病毒检测的新要求

联防联控机制综发〔2020〕152号明确指出:三级综合医院均应当建立符合生物安全二级及以上标准的临床检验实验室,具备独立开展新型冠状病毒检测的能力。6月11日,联防联控机制综发〔2020〕186号再次强调要有效落实“四早”要求,充分发挥医疗机构“哨点”作用,对于所有到发热门诊就诊的患者进行核酸检测,通过“哨点”发现的人员纳入“应检尽检”范围。此外,6月16日国家发改委新闻发言人孟玮在例行新闻发布会上介绍,要加快补齐医疗防治方面的硬件短板,重点是加大各级疾控机构和相关生物安全实验室建设投入,实现每个省份至少有1个生物安全三级水平的实验室,大幅提高重大疫情监测预警能力。

由此可见,新冠病毒核酸检测的常态化工作已成为全国临床实验室的挑战。加强生物安全实验室的建设和提高检测能力已然是一个重点。目前,武汉市共有63家机构开展新冠病毒核酸检测。截至6月22日,北京市具备核酸检测能力的机构已达到128所。

病原微生物的危害程度与分类

对于生物安全实验室的建设,首先应了解实验室活动涉及的病原微生物危害等级。根据病原微生物的传染性、对个体和群体的危害程度,卫生部发布的《人间传染的病原微生物名录》将其病原微生物为四类,第一类病原微生物危害程度最高,第四类最低。

病原微生物的危害程度与分类

此次的新冠病毒根据第二版生物安全指南,暂时按照第二类病原微生物进行管理,属于高致病性微生物。

透射显微镜图像:暗黑色圆形物的为新冠病毒。图/NIAID-RML

生物安全实验室等级

根据病原微生物的危害程度,相应地可将在封闭的实验室环境中隔离危险的病原体所需的一套生物安全防护措施分为四级,每一级生物安全实验室所配备的安全设施以及安全防护有所不同,一级最低,四级最高,同时对应了生物安全实验室的等级。

如今国际通行的生物安全等级标准(biosafety level,BSL)是由美国疾病控制中心(CDC)和美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)建立的,为的是区分在实验室中进行科学研究的风险标准,而这一标准的设立可以视为对于生物危害程度的一个判断标准。随着病原微生物危害等级的增加,实验室要求的安全防护级别越严格。所有实验室必须在各级卫生主管部门进行生物安全备案才可开展相应的检测和研究工作。

例如,新型冠状病毒核酸检测必须在达到至少生物安全二级(BSL-2)或以上实验室进行,同时采用生物安全三级(BSL-3)实验室的个人防护,才能开展相应的检测,而埃博拉病毒的检测则需要在生物安全四级(BSL-4)实验室进行。

目前,我国有40余家生物安全三级(BSL-3)实验室,4家生物安全四级(BSL-4)实验室(武汉国家生物安全实验室、哈尔滨国家动物疫病防控高级别生物安全实验室、台湾国防医学院预防医学研究所、台湾检验及疫苗研制中心昆阳实验室)。

与微生物危险等级相对应的生物安全水平、操作和设备

注:BSC:生物安全柜;GMT:微生物学操作技术规范

二级生物安全实验室的建设应注意问题

对于大多数医疗机构和实验室而言,二级生物安全实验室的建设我们应注意哪些呢?

典型的二级生物安全水平实验室(图片由CUH2A ,Princeton ,NJ ,USA 提供)在生物安全柜中进行可能气溶胶的操作程序,门保持关闭并贴上危害标识,潜在被污染的废弃物同普通废弃物隔开。

1、实验室主入口的门、放置生物安全柜实验间的门应可自动关闭;实验室主入口的门应有进入控制措施,贴有生物危害标识。

2、应在实验室或其所在的建筑内配备压力蒸汽灭菌器或其他适当的消毒、灭菌设备。

3、应在实验室工作区配备洗眼装置。

4、应在操作病原微生物及样本的实验区内配备二级生物安全柜。如果使用管道排风的生物安全柜,应通过独立于建筑物其他公共通风系统的管道排出。

武汉市第四医院检验科病毒核酸检测组

如果条件允许,还可以建设加强型生物安全二级实验室,即在普通生物安全二级实验室的基础上,通过机械通风系统等措施加强实验室生物安全防护要求。生物安全三级及四级实验室主要用于从事高致病性病原微生物的研究,实验室需要特殊的设计,在定向气流、特殊防护设施上有更严苛的要求,而且实验室验收需监督管理部门认证。

生物安全实验室建设任重道远,随着新冠病毒核酸检测常态化,各级医疗机构实验室应根据实际情况加强自身的实验室建设,达到新冠病毒核酸检测条件。检验科——幕后近距离奋战病毒的一线战斗堡垒,疫情仍未结束,我们仍需夯实基础,加速前进!

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    2020-06-29 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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