腰椎康复生物力学基础

2017-12-12 陈伯华 王岩(青岛大学附属医院脊柱外科 ) 中华医学信息导报

脊柱稳定性是指当脊柱或其附件在负载情况下对抗纵向弯曲的能力。

脊柱稳定性是指当脊柱或其附件在负载情况下对抗纵向弯曲的能力。Panjabi于1992年提出了维持脊柱稳定性的3个子系统模型,分别是控制子系统(中枢神经系统)、主动子系统(肌肉系统)和被动子系统(骨骼韧带系统)。3个子系统都是维持脊柱稳定性的独立因素,某一因素的亏损可以由其他因素代偿,当各个子系统的功能无法代偿时,脊柱的稳定性遭到破坏。

腰椎的功能单位主要包括椎体及椎弓、椎间连接元件。前方的椎体,作为前柱的一部分,起支撑作用,并通过内部相互交叉的骨小梁承受压缩载荷;后方的椎弓,支持关节突,堆叠形成后柱;前柱和后柱通过椎弓根形成杠杆样结构。椎骨之间的椎间连接元件包括椎间盘、关节突关节和椎间韧带。生物力学方面研究较为充分的是椎间盘,无论何种应力作用于椎间盘,椎间盘内髓核的相对运动、被拉伸纤维环反向运动的趋势,以及椎间其他连接元件的限制作用,共同使脊柱恢复至初始稳定;椎间盘还具有粘弹特性,主要表现为蠕变与迟滞,使椎间盘能够有效地缓冲和传递载荷。椎间盘与其他椎间连接元件的协同作用实现了腰椎结构的自我稳定。

腰椎的主动子系统主要指腰椎周围的肌肉,按照肌肉激活特性可划分为整体稳定肌和局部稳定肌两部分。整体稳定肌位于浅层,其收缩可引起较大范围的运动,且与关节活动方向有关。整体稳定肌主要包括腹直肌、腹内外斜肌、竖脊肌、腰方肌,其收缩可以控制腰椎的运动方向,产生较大的动作力矩,可对抗施加在躯干上的外来负荷。局部稳定肌位于深层,紧贴关节、收缩仅引起微弱的运动或不引起运动、提供节段稳定性。局部稳定肌包括腹横肌、多裂肌、腰大肌后部纤维、髂肋肌和最长肌腰部纤维、腰方肌中部纤维,其可通过肌肉的收缩直接固定相邻椎体,肌肉的协同收缩可调节腹内压,从而维持各椎体间的稳定。腰椎稳定性的维持还通过相互拮抗肌群的收缩来维持,其中屈肌主要包括腹内外斜肌、腹直肌、腹横肌、腰大肌、腰方肌,伸肌主要包括多裂肌及竖脊肌。主动肌和拮抗肌两侧肌肉的长度和力量均衡有助于维持腰椎稳定,反之会导致腰椎运动模式的转变和异常适应性改变,进而导致腰椎的损伤磨损。

腰椎的肌肉具有“共收缩”的协调性,例如在抬腿运动时,腹直肌、腹外斜肌、腰部多裂肌和腰部竖脊肌会以最简单的共收缩方式启动腹部和背部肌肉的收缩,并按照相似的时序模式完成动作。无意识的反应和收缩速度是功能稳定的最重要因素,慢性腰背痛的患者丧失了共收缩的协调性,运动控制出现异常,而不是单纯的肌力和耐力。

腰椎的肌肉还可以通过腹内压的调节维持腰椎的稳定。大幅度动作之前,腹横肌、腹内外斜肌收缩,配合膈肌及盆底肌肉的收缩使腹压增高;通过腹压增加,增加腰椎伸展力矩,减轻腰椎负荷;通过提高胸腰大筋膜的张力,增加腰椎紧张度。其中,腹横肌的作用最为重要。

腰椎的活动范围包括中立区和弹性区两部分。在中立区内运动时,韧带产生最小张力,当运动进入弹性区时,张力逐步增大,良好的运动控制会使运动维持在中立区内或弹性区的早期。运动控制差或不适当的运动会使运动反复触及弹性区的极限。Mc Gill进一步用U型图解释了组织负荷的承受能力与损伤危险性的关系,指出大部分腰椎损伤不是单纯的高负荷所造成,而是由于低负荷的积累劳损导致的创伤,如重复低负荷(弯腰)或持续负荷(久坐)。同时Mc Gill发现,腰椎最容易在重复运动的终末期损伤,例如重复弯腰、尤其是伴有侧弯和扭转的运动容易导致椎间盘突出,全关节范围的屈曲、伸展及过度剪切力容易造成后柱损伤。保持中立位(腰椎前凸),避免腰椎在运动终末期活动,可减少各种损伤。

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    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-12-14 chunjianf

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-12-13 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2017-12-13 天地飞扬

    学习学习.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-12-13 刘煜

    阅读.谢谢分享

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=271748, encodeId=54212e1748d8, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Dec 23 08:39:41 CST 2017, time=2017-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=271071, encodeId=23ab2e1071fb, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Dec 21 06:33:50 CST 2017, time=2017-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272073, encodeId=9ee112e20737e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd1a854340b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85434, encryptionId=cd1a854340b, topicName=腰椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e93e105, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Thu Dec 14 14:39:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=269257, encodeId=9e1926925e2a, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRk75KAEKrLGic0S0IvH1aNynsEFQWiaNKdtzvtwj2kafCoPg2icYVbrfBCFiaS74X1uEiaaTTY1H9Xyem/0, createdBy=cec11614828, createdName=chunjianf, createdTime=Thu Dec 14 06:49:35 CST 2017, time=2017-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=269040, encodeId=8ee0269040e5, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Wed Dec 13 07:23:30 CST 2017, time=2017-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=269014, encodeId=cddc26901437, content=学习学习.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Dec 13 06:35:59 CST 2017, time=2017-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=269004, encodeId=785a26900403, content=阅读.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Wed Dec 13 05:38:32 CST 2017, time=2017-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=268977, encodeId=40a22689e72f, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cf3f1954203, createdName=1e11f6a6m77(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 13 00:03:03 CST 2017, time=2017-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=268969, encodeId=76a5268969b6, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Dec 12 23:49:06 CST 2017, time=2017-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-13 1e11f6a6m77(暂无匿称)

    学习

    0

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    2017-12-12 清风拂面

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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