新临床实践指南有望更好地帮助未成年高血压患者

2017-08-24 lisiyang MedSci原创

2004年,美国儿科学会(AAP)颁布了第一项全国性的鉴别和治疗儿童及青少年高血压的指南,最近AAP召集了一批专家重新颁布了新指南。2004年APP颁布的《临床实践指南:儿童和青少年高血压的筛查和管理》的是以15000个医疗研究为基础制定的。新旧指南主要存在5项主要不同:一线治疗仍然关注改变生活方式,因为有证据显示高血压和肥胖有非常高的相关性,如果不治疗的话,高血压会损伤心脏、肾脏和大脑。在新出的

2004年,美国儿科学会(AAP)颁布了第一项全国性的鉴别和治疗儿童及青少年高血压的指南,最近AAP召集了一批专家重新颁布了新指南。2004年APP颁布的《临床实践指南:儿童和青少年高血压筛查管理》的是以15000个医疗研究为基础制定的。

新旧指南主要存在5项主要不同:

一线治疗仍然关注改变生活方式,因为有证据显示高血压和肥胖有非常高的相关性,如果不治疗的话,高血压会损伤心脏、肾脏和大脑。在新出的建议中提出应该对儿童和青少年在每年体检中进行常规的血压检查,而不是像2004年提出的只有在儿童和青少年看病的时候,比如说被送到急诊室或者说是看牙医的时候才进行血压检测。“如果不在儿童和青少年在身体健康的情况下测量的话,将来会产生一些假阳性结果。有时候,小孩在处于疼痛或者有其他健康问题时可以在短时间引起血压增高,但其实他们根本不是高血压患者,从而引起一些不必要的担心,这项新的指南可以减少不必要的血压监测的花费。”帮助制订这项新指南的负责人凯斯西储大学医学院的教授David Kaelber说。

这项新指南与以往的第二个不同的是把超重肥胖儿童和青少年的血压数据从正常人数据中移除,但仍然保持了以第95个百分位为基准来衡量高血压,并且这个基准是以年龄、性别和身高进行分门别类的。Kaelber说:“众所周知,超重肥胖的人更容易患有高血压,把他们的数据从正常人的数据中移除意味着我们的数据更有代表性,只要这样我们才能更好地判断一个体重正常的孩子是否血压偏高。”

第三个不同的是,新指南推荐诊断高血压应该让病人在平时生活中随身带上移动血压监测器。为什么要这样做的原因是连续3次在诊疗室进行血压测试的结果会偏高,因为人们会产生“白衣高血压”,也就是临床环境下的恐惧和焦虑会影响血压的检测结果,所以会产生在家的时候血压比较低,而在诊疗室中的血压高的假象。

第四个不同的是,只有当患者开始接受药物治疗高血压时,才使用超声心动检查。以前的指南,不管血压不正常的病人是否接受药物治疗都会使用超声心动检查。然而,有证据显示超声心动检查对于那些通过改变饮食习惯和进行锻炼来控制血压的年轻人并没有什么特别的好处。

最后一个主要的不同是,现在新指南与新的成年人高血压筛查和管理指南相一致。比方说,新指南认为13岁及以上的患者与美国心脏协会和美国心脏病学学院对成年人血压不正常的定义标准是一样的。而以前的指南的标准则独立于成年人的标准,17岁的患者血压超过120/80就会被定义成高血压,而等到18岁以后血压没变,但是因为成为了成年人,所以根据成年人的定义标准只能算是偏高或者是高血压前兆,而不是真正的高血压。

根据新的研究报告称,估计美国有3.5%的儿童和青少年患有高血压,即150万到200万年轻人患有高血压,而且以前血压偏高的经常没有被发现,也没有受到治疗。“这项新指南会为我们更好地鉴定和管理年轻人的血压偏高问题提供更好的帮助。”Kaelber称。

原始出处:

Joseph T. Flynn, David C. Kaelber, Carissa M.et,al.Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 2017; e20171904 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1904

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