2017全国呼吸病学学术会议:胡成平:生物标志物早期诊断肺癌研究进展

2017-10-10 胡成平 邓世超 呼吸界

在日前召开的中华医学会呼吸病学年会-2017第十八次全国呼吸病学学术会议上,中南大学湘雅医院呼吸与危重症医学科胡成平教授关于《生物标志物早期诊断肺癌研究进展》的演讲引起了关注。今天我们将胡成平教授的文章分享给大家。

在日前召开的中华医学会呼吸病学年会-2017第十八次全国呼吸病学学术会议上,中南大学湘雅医院呼吸与危重症医学科胡成平教授关于《生物标志物早期诊断肺癌研究进展》的演讲引起了关注。今天我们将胡成平教授的文章分享给大家。

目前用于肺癌早期筛查的低剂量CT扫描,尽管能减少20%的肺癌死亡率和7%的全因死亡率,但依然有高达96%的假阳性率,而且CT扫描的辐射量也会增加远期癌症风险。肺活检具有费用及并发症发生率较高的不足,而且因为肿瘤的异质性,单一部位的组织活检不能反映肿瘤的完整基因组信息。早期肺癌筛查急需一种可取代或补充CT扫描的方法,以提高筛查的敏感性和特异度。通过检测血液样本发现循环标志物以诊断肺癌提供了一种低侵袭性的方法,并且能够克服肿瘤异质性,实现肿瘤变化实时监测,最终将改变肺癌的诊断和治疗。

1、循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)

循环肿瘤细胞是从实体瘤脱落进入血液的肿瘤细胞,在肿瘤进展的早期,转移灶出现之前可能就出现在血液循环中了。Ilie等采用CT扫描联合CTC检测识别肺癌术后隐匿性转移的高危患者,对CT未发现肿瘤转移但CTC检测阳性的患者进行长达四年的随访,结果这些已切除肿瘤的患者最终都出现了CT确认的肿瘤进展,显示了CTC检测可提示未发现肺结节的患者发展为肺癌的风险。Bayarri-Lara等发现肺癌术后一个月CTC水平即有下降,而术后持续检测到CTC的患者预后较差。Wendel等检测了不同分期肺癌患者的CTC,发现CTC水平没有显着差异,某些早期患者也观察到了较高的CTC水平与CTC簇,提示CTC可能含有预后信息。

CTC面临的最大的挑战是CTC的稀有性,晚期肺癌患者每106-107个外周血单核细胞中才能找到1个CTC,需要灵敏度更高的方法以有效地识别选择出CTC。现有检测方法的低频度与低通量限制了CTC分析的前景。体外培养CTC进行功能分析需要CTC可存活与增殖,而大部分CTC是凋亡细胞,无法形成继发肿瘤以进行体外药物与肿瘤发生的试验。此外在转移的不同阶段CTC会发生诸如上皮细胞间叶化(EMT)等变化,需要利用多种抗体或抗原依赖性的方法来富集CTC。

2、循环RNA

微RNA(miRNA)为非编码单股小RNA,长度约为22个核苷酸。它们在细胞核内被转录,通过各种途径输送到胞质或释放入血,在转录后水平调控基因表达,并参与包括肿瘤在内的某些疾病的进程。已有超过2500种miRNA的序列被测定,在血浆、血清、外周血细胞和尿液中均有检测到。长非编码RNA(lncRNA)为RNA的高度保守片段,近来被发现可激活或抑制不同的基因,如癌基因与肿瘤抑制基因。MiRNA与lncRNA均可长时间稳定存在于各种组织中,利用现有技术如RT-qPCR即可检测得到。

某些循环miRNA升高可能与肿瘤特异性分子通路有关,还可能与个体对肿瘤的免疫反应有关。2008年,miRNA-21(miR-21)首先在B细胞淋巴瘤患者血清中被检测出,此后在前列腺癌、胰腺癌、肝癌和肺癌中均发现其表达上调。MiRNA-20a也是一种在不同肿瘤组织中表达上调或下调的miRNA。与之类似,lncRNA也在不同类型肿瘤中表达上调或下调。lncRNA在很低浓度时即可被检测到,这一点优于循环蛋白,而它的组织特异性也高于miRNA。

目前研究已从寻找单个miRNA转向寻找miRNA的组合,以达到更高的灵敏度与特异度。Bianchi等从无症状肺癌高危人群,即超过50岁的重度吸烟者中鉴定出一种34-miRNA签名,验证灵敏度71%,特异度90%,且针对肺癌的特异度高。随后他们优化了检测方法,将签名减至13-miRNA,在更大的人群中进行验证。另有研究将血浆miRNA检测与低剂量CT扫描筛查结合,将大于5mm结节的假阳性率从低剂量CT扫描筛查的19.4%降低到3.7%。Wozniak等评估了100例早期非小细胞肺癌(I-IIIA期)患者和100例健康对照的样本的754种miRNA,鉴定出一种24-miRNA的集合具有最佳的区分效果,AUC达0.92。Nadal等从血清中鉴定出4-miRNA签名,将可切除的肺癌患者同非肺癌患者区分开的AUC达0.985。miRNA正成为肺癌早期诊断的选择指标之一,相对于单个miRNA,多个miRNA签名的组合能提供更高的区分度,更能识别出早期肺癌患者。

miRNA的广泛应用还面临着很多技术难题。由于miRNA来源于肿瘤,继发免疫反应会使得miRNA水平发生波动,而且还不完全清楚哪些是肿瘤特异性miRNA。miRNA的水平还会受到采样方法、RNA稳定性以及样本抽取和溶血作用的影响。有观点认为血细胞是循环miRNA的主要来源,溶血作用会显着影响miRNA水平。因此必须克服这些可能导致结果不一致的因素,miRNA才能成为一个有意义的指标。

3、循环DNA

1977年一项比较173份肿瘤患者和55份正常对照血样本的研究,第一次发现肿瘤患者的循环细胞游离DNA水平升高,而且肿瘤转移的患者比局限期患者的水平更高。此后更多的包含原发肿瘤特异性基因突变的循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)被发现。ctDNA既可以反映肿瘤负荷水平,也可以反映肿瘤基因对治疗反应的动态变化。一项研究发现,CTCs作为NSCLC早期诊断标志物的敏感性73.2%,特异性84.1%。

目前已利用二代测序技术,追踪ctDNA的EGFR基因突变的变化以预测EGFR治疗的肿瘤反应与肿瘤耐药。Newman等利用新的深度测序技术发现50%的I期肺癌患者能检测到ctDNA,可能在肺癌早期诊断中的具有应用价值。尽管如此,支持ctDNA应用在肺癌早期诊断的临床数据依然有限,ctDNA检测与长期保存还存在一些技术难题。死亡的血细胞会污染ctDNA标本,而cfDNA与ctDNA的异质性也会干扰ctDNA的检测分析。

4、循环蛋白质

与基因组学相比,蛋白质组学可以更精确及时地描述细胞的遗传学功能,也能更好反映基因编程对细胞周围环境的影响。C4d是经典补体通路的降解产物,而补体在肿瘤细胞内被激活,是肺癌诸多免疫反应中的一种,而监测免疫激活与肿瘤特异性标志物不同之处在于,前者可以不区分肿瘤组织类型而识别更多的同源标志物。目前针对肿瘤特异蛋白的自身抗体的检测技术进展很快。自身抗体是免疫系统对突变或错误折叠的肿瘤异常蛋白的反应,比C4d的肿瘤特异性更强。

与其他分子标志物相比,肿瘤自身抗体具有其独特的优越性:其一是灵敏度高,即使有血清中大量白蛋白和其他各种各样的蛋白的干扰,也可以在肿瘤发生早期被准确的检测到;其二是较高的特异性,有利于肿瘤的早期鉴别诊断;第三,自身抗体出现较早,即在肺癌无临床症状阶段时即可被检测到,相较于CT诊断提前了至少5年的时间];第四,与抗原相比,抗体可以稳定持续很多年。目前,研究较多的自身抗体主要有P53,GAGE,NYESO-1,GBU4-5等,单独的自身抗体分子敏感性和特异性都较低,而联合若干自身抗体可以极大提高诊断的敏感性和特异性。EarlyCTD?-lung自身抗体试剂盒以P53,GAGE,NYESO-1,GBU4-5等七种抗体的检测,被用来评估肺癌高风险人群,可能会在肺癌的早期诊断中发挥一定的作用。相关研究表明,联合7种自身抗体可以检测到有病灶的肺癌与癌前病变,可以在在无症状阶段即可对肺癌进行早期诊断。

与miRNA类似,循环蛋白质也需要探索分子组合。Huang等利用整合蛋白质组学方法鉴定NSCLC患者血浆中蛋白质生物标志物,发现二氢二醇脱氢酶(DDH)的特异度较高。Ajona等的研究显示肺癌患者血中C4d的水平明显高于正常人,可应用于有肺结节而未确诊为肺癌者。Chen等发现一组血清中22个肽的组合预测肺癌的特异度和灵敏度分别为86%和85%。

蛋白质比其他标志物更能反映肿瘤的动态变化,但因为蛋白质不断地被修饰,也会影响蛋白质组签名的一致性。蛋白质的稳定性也会影响检测。检测蛋白质表达的方法很多,有二维聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(2DPAGE)和表面增强激光解析(SELDI)质谱等。2DPAGE是最常用的蛋白质组学检测方法,但检测痕量蛋白质的能力有限,限制了其在发现新标志物方面的应用。鉴定循环中肿瘤特异性生物标志物的蛋白质阵列方法类似用以发现新的遗传通路的cDNA微阵列方法。

5、循环外泌体(exosomes)

外泌体是源自细胞内的直径40-100nm的囊泡,通过胞质胞膜融合、配体受体相互作用及胞吞作用等向靶细胞传递信息物质,包括蛋白质、DNA、mRNA及非编码RNA等。外泌体通过传递肿瘤源性蛋白质及核酸,在肿瘤发生、生长、进展、转移及耐药等方面发挥重要作用。外泌体及其携带物在肿瘤的诊断、预后及疗效预测方面也具有价值。透射电子显微镜(TEM)、Westernblot和流式细胞仪常用来观察外泌体的形态、大小与标记物,但尚无可精确测定外泌体水平的方法。目前已有将循环肿瘤外泌体水平、外泌体小RNA与特异性外泌体miRNA用于肺腺癌的诊断与预后的研究,如Rabinowits等报道肺腺癌患者与健康对照相比循环外泌体和miRNA水平显着升高,而且循环外泌体miRNA与肿瘤miRNA非常相似,提示循环外泌体miRNA有可能用于肺腺癌的筛查。最近的一项研究也报道基于循环外泌体miRNA的模型可以有效区分肺腺癌与肉芽肿。另外,目前液体活检大型基因重排如EML4-ALK转位非常困难,而检测EML4-ALK融合转录RNA可能是有希望的途径,因此包裹在外泌体中的RNA也许可供检测以早期诊断EML4-ALK肺腺癌27。

总结

循环肿瘤细胞及标志物在不远的将来有希望成为肿瘤早期诊断的工具,不同的检测方式各有优缺点,已发现的CTC簇、miRNA组合和免疫反应相关蛋白均是有希望的特异性标志物。未来早期肺癌的诊断将不需要组织活检或CT扫描,通过提高可手术患者的比例,肺癌的生存率也将大大提高。

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  3. 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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841114, encodeId=2b65184111410, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Wed Jul 25 06:59:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904697, encodeId=135c190469ef3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85fa455346c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学术会议#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45534, encryptionId=85fa455346c, topicName=学术会议)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0ad8182, 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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841114, encodeId=2b65184111410, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Wed Jul 25 06:59:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904697, encodeId=135c190469ef3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85fa455346c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学术会议#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45534, encryptionId=85fa455346c, topicName=学术会议)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0ad8182, 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topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1382669, encodeId=404d1382669e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1f4e5946422' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早期诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59464, encryptionId=1f4e5946422, topicName=早期诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1560669, encodeId=dad81560669d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3c746936567' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物标志#</a>, beContent=null, 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    2017-10-18 明天会更好!

    不错的文章值得一读.

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841114, encodeId=2b65184111410, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Wed Jul 25 06:59:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904697, encodeId=135c190469ef3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85fa455346c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学术会议#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45534, encryptionId=85fa455346c, topicName=学术会议)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0ad8182, createdName=axin009, createdTime=Sat Apr 14 15:59:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1663431, encodeId=963e166343117, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2653396e53b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39675, encryptionId=2653396e53b, topicName=呼吸病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ed5525610796, createdName=ms9833124466084992, createdTime=Sat Sep 01 14:59:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1688050, encodeId=dd6b1688050ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=577a396e60f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸病学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39676, 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=266d2148816, createdName=17720079e5m, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 23:01:47 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253413, encodeId=857725341359, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 13:24:47 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380877, encodeId=44fc13808e7ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1382669, encodeId=404d1382669e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1f4e5946422' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早期诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59464, encryptionId=1f4e5946422, topicName=早期诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1560669, encodeId=dad81560669d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3c746936567' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物标志#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69365, encryptionId=3c746936567, topicName=生物标志)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=63db15173977, createdName=zhu_jun9842, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-16 17720079e5m

    学习了

    0

  7. 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=266d2148816, createdName=17720079e5m, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 23:01:47 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253413, encodeId=857725341359, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 13:24:47 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380877, encodeId=44fc13808e7ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1382669, encodeId=404d1382669e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1f4e5946422' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早期诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59464, encryptionId=1f4e5946422, topicName=早期诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1560669, encodeId=dad81560669d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3c746936567' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物标志#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69365, encryptionId=3c746936567, topicName=生物标志)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=63db15173977, createdName=zhu_jun9842, createdTime=Thu Oct 12 13:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-16 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

  8. 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=266d2148816, createdName=17720079e5m, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 23:01:47 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253413, encodeId=857725341359, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 13:24:47 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380877, encodeId=44fc13808e7ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, 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  9. 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  10. 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