腹痛呕吐伴癫痫发作差点误诊为急腹症 多亏做了这一检查

2019-01-07 刘鲁沂 李小丽 田行瀚 危重症病例剖析

30岁男性,以“腹痛、恶心、呕吐3天,抽搐半天”入院,否认糖尿病及其他慢性病病史,否认癫痫及癫痫类症状发作史。患者险些被误诊为急腹症继发性癫痫,多亏这一常规检查——血糖测试才发现真正病因为糖尿病酮症酸中毒。

30岁男性,以“腹痛、恶心、呕吐3天,抽搐半天”入院,否认糖尿病及其他慢性病病史,否认癫痫及癫痫类症状发作史。患者险些被误诊为急腹症继发性癫痫,多亏这一常规检查——血糖测试才发现真正病因为糖尿病酮症酸中毒。

一、病例简介

(一)基本资料

患者,男,30岁,务工人员。

(二)主诉、现病史及既往史

以“腹痛、恶心、呕吐3天,抽搐半天”入院,3天前饮酒后出现左上腹阵发性胀痛,伴烧灼感,恶心呕吐多次,呕吐物为内容物,呕吐后腹痛稍缓解,无发热、黄疸、呕血及黑便,未接受治疗。腹痛症状渐加重至不能忍受。其间2次发作性出现四肢抽搐、意识不清、牙关紧闭等癫痫样症状,每次持续数分钟,家人按压“人中穴”后缓解。否认糖尿病及其他慢性病病史,否认癫痫及癫痫类症状发作史。

(三)入院查体

T 36.2℃,P 100次/分,R 20次/分,BP 100/60mmHg,体重66kg。神志清楚、言语正常、精神正常、扶入病房。呼吸平稳,呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿性啰音。心率100次/分,律齐,心音有力,未闻及病理性杂音。肝脾未触及肿大。全腹弥漫性的触压痛,无反跳痛,无明显的定位体征。肠鸣音活跃,10次/分。神经系统检查未见异常体征。辅助检查:血常规:白细胞计数20.8×109/L、中性粒细胞18.8×109/L、中性粒细胞百分比90.1%。尿常规:酮体( 3+)、蛋白质( ++)、葡萄糖( 3+)。血糖20.36mmol/L。电解质:血钾4.93mmol/L、血钠127mmol/L。肝功、肾功正常、血尿淀粉酶正常。血气分析:pH 7.22,PCO238mmHg,PO2 90mmHg,BE-17.1mmol/L。心电图:窦性心动过速。腹部X线片示左侧腹部肠管扩张伴有多个液平面,提示肠梗阻。头颅CT检查未见异常。

(四)入院诊断

1.急腹症 肠梗阻?

2.糖尿病DKA。

3.继发性癫痫?

(五)诊疗经过

入院后予禁食、肠减压、补液、抗感染、降糖,纠正酸中毒等治疗。急请普外科会诊:不排除急腹症肠梗阻。24小时内静滴普通胰岛素0.15U/( kg?h)降糖治疗,血糖降至13mmol/L时改为门冬胰岛素30R早16U、午10U、晚14U三餐前皮下注射。补液初为复方氯化钠注射液为主,血糖降至13mmol/L后改为平衡盐及糖盐,维持足够的尿量。治疗期间出现抽搐1次,给予地西泮注射液及苯巴比妥钠注射液后缓解。治疗期间出现心律失常(阵发性室上性心动过速),给予静注胺碘酮注射液150mg后恢复窦性心律。经上述积极治疗2天后血糖恢复至8.0mmol/L,血、尿酮体消失。血常规、电解质恢复正常。抽搐、腹痛、恶心及呕吐等症状未再出现。检查血压、心率正常、腹部体征消失。2天后出院。出院诊断:①糖尿病:DKA;②继发性癫痫;③肠道感染。门诊随访3个月调整胰岛素控制血糖,未在出现抽搐及腹痛。

二、病例剖析

DKA是糖尿病常见的急性代谢并发症,病情危急,其病死率为1%~15%,是糖尿病主要的死亡原因之一。临床表现多变,并且和感染、手术、创伤等诱发因素的症状混淆在一起,腹痛是DKA的特殊表现之一,少数患者以腹痛为首发症状,临床表现酷似急腹症,极易误诊。甚至有报道称,42例有腹痛的DKA中有10例行剖腹探查术。DKA出现癫痫样发作的症状比出现腹痛者,临床更为罕见。文献报道有DKA可以出现复杂部分性癫痫、癫痫持续状态等不同形式。本例以癫痫样发作、急性腹痛为首发症状就诊,否认糖尿病、癫痫病史,诊治中也考虑过易引发癫痫发作的其他疾病、急腹症。

DKA出现癫痫样发作、腹痛理论上存在着共同机制的可能。糖尿病因胰岛素绝对或相对不足,在某种诱发因素作用下出现严重的高血糖性利尿及脱水;大量的脂肪酸β氧化产生乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸及丙酮,导致代谢性酸中毒。上述原因导致机体细胞内环境严重紊乱。酮体生成增加、K+浓度增高引起脑细胞酸中毒,影响线粒体功能,细胞氧化磷酸化过程受阻;高血糖和高渗状态造成脑细胞脱水、酶活性改变、细胞内外微环境的改变;三羧酸循环受阻,γ-氨基丁酸代谢增高而脑组织含量减少;循环功能障碍继发脑细胞缺血缺氧等原因引发神经元异常过度放电而出现癫痫发作。同时血中氢离子浓度增高,刺激胃肠黏膜神经或破坏黏膜屏障功能引起炎症,脱水、低钾血症致胃肠道痉挛、扩张或麻痹性肠梗阻可以引起腹痛。

本例存在着严重的高血糖、电解质紊乱、代谢性酸中毒等诱发癫痫发作及腹痛的病理基础。另据相关文献报道DKA出现癫痫样发作,在急性期头颅磁共振成像( MRI)检查可发现大脑皮层下白质可逆的T2加权高信号影,并且病灶范围局限,同时液体衰减反转恢复序列( FLAIR)和脑电图检查可证实病灶存在。

就诊治而言,在没有明确糖尿病及DKA以前,本例的确疑似为急腹症、继发性癫痫,给予相应的对症治疗,常规检查血糖及尿常规后才诊断为DKA,存在潜在的风险。20%~30%的DKA没有明确的糖尿病病史,而DKA以腹痛为首发表现者国外为22%、国内为5.4%。DKA引发的腹痛较弥散、无固定的压痛点,无反跳痛,前期有恶心、呕吐、发热等,伴有血糖、尿糖、酮体增高,经胰岛素、补液治疗后腹痛消失。

本例患者癫痫样发作经给予苯巴比妥、地西泮,同时积极胰岛素、补液治疗后迅速消失。结合否认癫痫病史、头颅CT检查及随访3个月无痫性发作考虑为DKA继发性癫痫。

在否认糖尿病病史、以癫痫样发作、腹痛为主要首发表现的诊治中,始终严密观察病情变化,在常规检查的基础上,有针对性地进行血糖、血尿淀粉酶、血气、头颅CT等检查,同时给予以胰岛素、补液、纠正酸中毒及电解质紊乱为主,胃肠减压、解痉、适当的抗感染,苯巴比妥、地西泮控制癫痫性发作的综合治疗,取得了满意的疗效。

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    2019-01-19 jyzxjiangqin

    腹痛呕吐伴癫痫发作。

    0

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    2019-01-09 qblt
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358580, encodeId=a0563585800c, content=腹痛呕吐伴癫痫发作。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 07:00:15 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272304, encodeId=fa1b12e2304f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c01e85565e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85565, encryptionId=c01e85565e8, topicName=腹痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4aa106, createdName=crystal0562, createdTime=Wed Jan 09 09:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428562, encodeId=7b1b1428562ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b525354a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急腹症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52535, encryptionId=8d2b525354a, topicName=急腹症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=07ae4095227, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Wed Jan 09 09:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=357550, encodeId=c7d135e55070, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160304/IMG56D94856B1B5D6405.jpg, createdBy=27931687771, createdName=一个字-牛, createdTime=Tue Jan 08 15:21:37 CST 2019, time=2019-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=357516, encodeId=5bd435e5160e, content=學習了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Jan 08 08:19:57 CST 2019, time=2019-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=357485, encodeId=467e35e48590, content=腹痛呕吐的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Jan 07 20:28:43 CST 2019, time=2019-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-08 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2019-01-08 飛歌

    學習了很有用

    0

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    2019-01-07 jyzxjiangqin

    腹痛呕吐的治疗。

    0

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