sFlt-1/PlGF助力子痫前期疾病管理 保障母婴安全

2017-12-29 MedSci MedSci原创

作为妊娠期特有的严重并发症之一,子痫前期发生率约为所有妊娠的3-5%,15%的早产和42%的孕妇死亡由子痫前期导致,对母婴健康造成严重威胁。在发病早期对有子痫前期风险的孕妇进行及时、准确的诊断有利于临床对患者进行密切监测、及时进行有效护理以控制病情、延长孕周,对于降低子痫前期发病率与死亡率、保障母婴安全具有重要意义。近日,在北京举行的“全国产科危急重症救治和促进自然分娩学习班暨子痫前期相关血清

作为妊娠期特有的严重并发症之一,子痫前期发生率约为所有妊娠的3-5%,15%的早产和42%的孕妇死亡由子痫前期导致1,对母婴健康造成严重威胁。在发病早期对有子痫前期风险的孕妇进行及时、准确的诊断有利于临床对患者进行密切监测、及时进行有效护理以控制病情、延长孕周,对于降低子痫前期发病率与死亡率、保障母婴安全具有重要意义。

日,在北京举行的全国产科危急重症救治和促进自然分娩学习班暨子痫前期相关血清学标志物应用专家讨论会上,北京协和医学院妇产科主任医师高劲松教授血管生成因子标志物在子痫前期疾病管理中的重要作用进行了详尽的分享解读

早识别、早干预——重视子痫前期检测

子痫前期的基本病理生理变化为全身小血管痉挛、内皮损伤及局部缺血,继而可能导致全身各系统、脏器血液灌注减少,最常累及肾脏,可导致蛋白尿等肾功能损伤;此外还可能导致脑水肿、视力下降甚至失明、肝功异常、心肌缺血、心衰、胎儿窘迫及胎盘早剥等,对母胎造成严重伤害。子痫前期的病因十分复杂,可能与子宫螺旋小动脉重铸不足、炎症免疫过度激活、血管内皮细胞受损、遗传因素、营养缺乏以及胰岛素抵抗等因素有关2

高劲松教授指出:“尽早预知子痫前期的发生、识别高危患者对于临床疾病管理来说尤为迫切。然而,很大一部分子痫前期的发生、发展毫无预兆,且不同患者的临床表现、进展、结局各异,为临床诊断和管理带来不小的挑战。”目前,临床的诊断依据是孕妇血压和尿蛋白两项指标,但这两项指标对于预后的敏感性、特异性低,无法对子痫前期做出及时、准确的风险预估。据估算,约有80%疑似子痫前期的孕妇并不会发展为子痫前期3,造成很多孕妇接受不必要的住院重症监护;与此同时,约有38%的子痫是突然发生的,之前未有高血压或蛋白尿的临床记录,在病发后才被检测出来,严重威胁母婴健康。

有研究认为早发型子痫前期属于胎盘源性疾病。而在胎盘的形成过程中,血管生长因子发挥着非常重要的作用,当血管生长因子因各种原因出现失衡,导致滋养细胞侵入不足、子宫胎盘缺氧,到后期就有可能表现为子痫前期。高劲松教授介绍,提到血管生成因子,目前在临床上受到广泛关注的两项指标抗血管生成因子——可溶性fms样酪氨酸激酶-1(sFlt-1)和促血管生成因子——胎盘生长因子(PlGF),密切关注这两项指标的动态变化对子痫前期的预测和辅助诊断具有重要意义。

目前,已有大量研究证明sFlt-1和PlGF浓度的改变明显早于子痫前期发病。2004年有临床研究表明,sFlt-1浓度在子痫前期发病前约5周便出现升高,PlGF浓度在子痫前期发病前约9-11周便开始下降,在发病5周前开始急剧下降,发病前1周浓度已极为接近发病时浓度4;早发型、晚发型以及非早产型子痫前期高风险孕妇的sFlt-1、PlGF浓度以及sFlt-1/PlGF在出现症状前均发生动态变化5

sFlt-1/PlGF比值——辅助子痫前期诊断、协助临床决策制定

研究发现,sFlt-1/PlGF比值可以更好地反映胎盘血管的生长情况,在评估蛋白尿和血压的基础上,联合检测sFlt-1/PlGF比值能够帮助临床更好地预测子痫前期患病风险,帮助医生对高危人群进行早期识别并干预,从而保障妊娠期母婴安全。罗氏诊断Elecsys®子痫前期检测测量sFlt-1和PIGF两种血清蛋白的比值,仅需18分钟就能得到检测结果,较传统方法能更为准确识别可能罹患子痫前期的高危孕妇

2016年,《新英格兰医学杂志》发表的PROGNOSIS大型前瞻性多中心研究入组14个国家30个研究中心,共计1,273名18岁以上、初次就诊孕周在24—36周、疑似子痫前期的孕妇,对其短期内发生子痫前期、子痫和HELLP综合征(溶血、肝酶升高、血小板减少)风险进行评估,证实了测定sFlt-1/PlGF比值对于子痫前期的短期预测价值,同时推导并验证了单一临界值38在短期内排除子痫前期方面重要价值。研究显示Elecsys®子痫前期检测sFlt-1/PlGF比值≤38排除1周内发生子痫前期,阴性预测值为99.3%;比值>38预测4周内会发生子痫前期,阳性预测值为36.7%,且其敏感性和特异性较高;此外,比值>38还与更短时间内分娩相关。

英国国家卫生与临床技术优化研究所(NICE)发布的2016年指南指出通过Elecsys®子痫前期检测sFlt-1/PlGF比值结合标准临床评估及后续随访,在帮助排除妊娠20周到34周+6天疑似子痫前期的孕妇时,排除1周内子痫前期发展可能性的阴性预测值为99%,纳入4周内发生子痫前期的阴性预测值为95%,阳性预测值为39%。

随着sFlt-1/PlGF在临床预测、诊断中的价值日益凸显,其对临床决策的影响也日益增加。子痫前期开放性研究PreOS是首个证实Elecsys®子痫前期检测sFlt-1/PlGF比值对疑似子痫前期患者的临床决策影响的研究,旨在验证该比值被用于指导恰当的入院和治疗决策方面的价值。研究显示,在出现疑似症状的患者中,只有15-20%患者最终发生子痫前期,超过80%的疑似孕妇无需住院,而部分最终进展为子痫前期的患者未被及早鉴别出来并接受恰当的住院治疗6。临床在知晓sFlt-1/PLGF比值后,17%的疑似患者的入院决策发生改变7,而57%改变决定为入院的患者最终进展为子痫前期。研究证实了sFlt-1/PLGF比值的确影响了临床医生的临床决策,且这些决策对管理母婴不良终点进展是恰当的,为患者减少了不必要的住院和医疗支出。

高劲松教授补充道sFt-1/PLGF比值除影响入院决策外,还会在不同程度上对临床医疗干预和计划的制定改变起一定的修正作用,如是否对患者进行额外实验室评估、增加随访频率、进行超声检查等。子痫前期临床表现复杂,高危因素不同,相同的临床表现可能有不同的预后和转归,治疗可能完全不同。sFlt-1/PlGF比值能够帮助医生分流患者,合理区分应住院的患者和应门诊随访的患者及其随访频率。

sFlt-1/PlGF比值在辅助诊断方面也表现出其特有的灵敏度和特异性。一项多中心病例对照研究发现,使用孕周特异性截断值可有效辅助诊断子痫前期,对早发型(<34孕周)和晚发型(>34孕周)的诊断灵敏度分别达88%和58.5%,特异性达99.5%和95.5%8;子痫前期或者HELLP综合征患者的sFlt-1/PlGF比值明显高于其他类型9,重度子痫前期指标升高程度尤其明显10

参考文献

1、 Verlohren, S., et al. (2010). Am J Obstet Gynecol 202 (161): e1-11

2、《妇产科学》人民卫生出版社 第八版 第7章 64-71

3、 Zeisler, H., Llurba, E., Chantraine, F., et al.(2016).N Engl J Med.

4、Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia, N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 12;350(7):672-83.

5、Changes in circulating concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1and placental growth factor measured by automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassaysmethods are predictors of preeclampsia,J Hy子痫前期rtens. 2012 Nov;30(11):2173-81.

6、Klein et al. PLoS ONE 2016;11(5): e0156013.

7、Adjudicators were blinded to the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio p values refer to McNemar test 子痫前期r-protocol population.

8、New gestational phase-s子痫前期cific cutoff values for the use of the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio as a diagnostic test for preeclampsia, Verlohren S et.al, Hy子痫前期rtension. 2014 Feb;63(2):346-52.

9、Verlohren, S., et al. (2012). Am J Obstet Gynecol 206, 58.e1-8.

10、Automated measurement of sFlt1, PlGF and sFlt1/PlGF ratio in differential diagnosis of hy子痫前期rtensive pregnancy disorders, Hy子痫前期rtens Pregnancy. 2013 Nov;32(4):459-73.

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    2018-05-14 fengting3
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    2018-01-06 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2017-12-31 yahu
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    2017-12-31 zhouqu_8
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    2017-12-30 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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