Cell Stem Cell:**可延长哺乳类寿命的药物,竟可逆转干细胞分化损失!

2017-12-13 Juka 转化医学网

时光偷走了一切,衰老不分贫富。近些年来,干细胞的研究使得人类抵抗衰老有了一定的信心。但是干细胞在人类成长的过程中会不断分化,从而导致其失去原有的分裂能力。近期,发表在《Cell》子刊上面的一篇文章揭示了如何逆转衰老带来的干细胞损失。


时光偷走了一切,衰老不分贫富。近些年来,干细胞的研究使得人类抵抗衰老有了一定的信心。但是干细胞在人类成长的过程中会不断分化,从而导致其失去原有的分裂能力。近期,发表在《Cell》子刊上面的一篇文章揭示了如何逆转衰老带来的干细胞损失。

长生不老,自古以来就是一个无比诱惑的词语。随着生命科学和医学的发展,人类的平均寿命开始大幅度迈进。对于现在的人来说,平均寿命已经突破70大关,但是这个数字离人们期望的长生不老依旧有着很大的差距。
 
近些年来,有关于衰老的机制不断被挖掘出来,而干细胞就是其中一个很有希望的方向。

在在最新一期的《Cell》子刊上,来自斯坦福大学,巴克研究所,哥伦比亚大学和美国医学研究院医学院的研究人员发表了一篇名为:“mTORC1 Activation during Repeated Regeneration Impairs Somatic Stem Cell Maintenance”的文章,在文章中,研究人员阐述了在衰老过程中至关重要的营养传感途径,这种途径可以使得成年干细胞丧失继续分裂的能力。

1.年龄增大,干细胞为什么会损失?

在人体中存在着很多成体干细胞,这些成体干细胞在没有受到感染和机体损伤的时候,会保持安静的状态。而一旦被激活,成体干细胞便会快速的分裂,因此来应对机体出现的损伤。而这个分类过程是不均等的,在干细胞分裂的过程中,一个被分裂出来作为可以修复组织的子细胞,而另一个仍然是干细胞,具备再次分裂的能力。

在人体成长和自愈过程中这种分裂能力必不可少,但是这种分裂的机制也会导致干细胞在分裂过程中分化成其他细胞,从而丧失干细胞的能力。当组织受到重度或慢性的再生压力时,尤其是流行性感冒或其他组织损伤时,这种损失是非常普遍的。而随着年龄增大,这种损失的累计就会越大。
 
那么怎么防止这种损失呢?
 
科学家们发现了一个新的机制,参与该项研究的Heinrich Jasper博士说道:“在进行动物实验的时候,我们发现重复或慢性激活TOR信号有助于干细胞的逐渐丧失。”

2.雷帕霉素——有效的防衰老剂

说起雷帕霉素,相信大家都不陌生。
 
雷帕霉素从最初被研究人员从复活节岛的土壤中提取出来,就展现出来了其在衰老领域的独特魅力:
 
此前,《自然》杂志刊登了的一项研究:对大约2000只实验鼠使用雷帕霉素,可以延长这些老年老鼠(20个月,相当于人类60岁)平均多达14%的寿命!而这也是首种可以延长哺乳类动物寿命的药物!
 
在此次最新的研究中,研究人员发现雷帕霉素可以逆转小鼠气管中成体干细胞的年龄相关性损失。
 
“干细胞自我更新和分化之间的平衡确保了干细胞可以长期保持在一个合理的水平,但是这种平衡在高再生压力的情况下,尤其是在年龄不断增长的情况下,这种平衡往往会被打破。”研究人员说道,“在我们最新的研究中,我们发现雷帕霉素是干细胞损失的重要调节器。”
 
以前的研究表明TOR需要保持在较低水平,以保持干细胞处于安静状态并防止其分化。但是在这项研究中,研究人员发现TOR信号在许多干细胞类型中发生再生反应时就会被激活。而雷帕霉素作为TOR信号的抑制剂可以降低这种损失。
 
由巴克研究所的Samantha Haller最开始是在果蝇的肠道内尝试使用雷帕霉素来逆转干细胞的年龄性损失。在此之后,研究的范围不断扩展,包括小鼠气管,小鼠肌肉的实验也已经在斯坦福大学完成。



在巴克研究所中,研究人员尝试了在小鼠不同的生命阶段采用不同的雷帕霉素治疗。参与此项研究的 Jasper博士说道:“在小鼠的研究中,不论是存于各种年龄段,哪怕小鼠已经到了15个月(相当于人类的50岁),我们看到雷帕霉素都可以挽回干细胞数量的降低。”

3.科学家已经针对雷帕霉素进行改良

Jasper博士:“我们很高兴能有一种拯救干细胞的手段,增强它们维持健康组织的能力。”

而在前面提到的《自然》研究中,领导该研究的得克萨斯州州立大学的阿兰·理查德森博士说:“我从来没想过一生中能找到延长生命的药物,而雷帕霉素可能就具备这样的功效。”

当然,目前雷帕霉素仍然需要不断地改良,在小鼠中使用的剂量远大于人体的耐受剂量。而一旦雷帕霉素改良完成,可能人类的平均寿命会进一步增加。

原始出处:

Haller S1, Kapuria S2, Riley RR,et al.mTORC1 Activation during Repeated Regeneration Impairs Somatic Stem Cell Maintenance.Cell Stem Cell. 2017 Dec 7;21(6):806-818.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.008.

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    2018-11-09 智智灵药
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