ANN ONCOL:肿瘤类型和免疫治疗药物类别的不同对免疫治疗不良事件的发生差异如何?

2017-08-13 陶白 肿瘤资讯

免疫检查点抑制剂会发生免疫相关不良事件,然而,该不良事件的模式和发生率会随着肿瘤类型和检查点抑制剂类别的不同而具有差异吗?8月8日,加拿大玛格丽特公主癌症中心医学肿瘤学和血液学系的Aaron Hansen博士在《Annals of Oncology》上的研究表明,不良事件的模式因肿瘤类型和药物类别而不同。

免疫检查点抑制剂会发生免疫相关不良事件,然而,该不良事件的模式和发生率会随着肿瘤类型和检查点抑制剂类别的不同而具有差异吗?8月8日,加拿大玛格丽特公主癌症中心医学肿瘤学和血液学系的Aaron Hansen博士在《Annals of Oncology》上的研究表明,不良事件的模式因肿瘤类型和药物类别而不同。

背景和目的

因免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)表现出了良好的活性,已经促成一些ICI在多种实体肿瘤中获批。为了增强抗肿瘤免疫应答,目前正在研究ICI与化疗、靶向分子药物和其他基于免疫的治疗药物的联合用药策略。成功的联合用药策略不仅要具有抗肿瘤免疫应答和良好的生存结局,也要有良好的毒性特征和耐受性。

ICI的免疫相关不良事件(irAE)与细胞毒药物或分子靶向药物造成的毒性不同,其发生毒性的时间可能延迟,而且也不遵循传统细胞毒药物所观察到的周期模式,因此irAE的毒性机制仍然需要确定。

针对细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4(CTLA-4)、程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)或其配体(PD-L1)的ICI单克隆抗体(mAb)具有独特的毒性特征。更好地理解irAE可更好管理患者的irAE,也会指导将来的ICI试验设计,尤其是对联合用药方案进行的研究。因此,研究者进行了一项系统回顾,旨在识别不同肿瘤类型和ICI类别的irAE的模式和发生率。

方法

数据来源:

研究于2003~2015年11月对Medline、Embase和Cochrane数据库进行了检索。

研究选择和数据采集:

两对审查者依据入组标准选取了研究,并提取了数据。采集的数据包括研究规模、肿瘤类型、研究分期、ICI类别等。

研究目的:

首要目的为确定所有级别和≥3级irAE的发生率。次要目的为不同ICI类别和肿瘤类型间,irAE的比较。同时,也探讨了irAE与其他研究或治疗相关因素之间的相关性。

统计学分析:

比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(CI)用于量化不同肿瘤类型、ICI药物类别或药物剂量对irAE发生率和严重程度的影响。多变量回归模型用于分析irAE和临床变量之间的相关性。

结果

试验特征:

研究鉴别出48项试验(6938例患者),其中针对仅CTLA-4的26项,仅PD-1的17项,仅PD-L1的2项,CTLA-4和PD-1的3项。

所有级别和≥3级irAE的发生率:所有ICI发生的最常见的irAE为内分泌系统(甲状腺疾病,如甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺功能亢进症;其次是垂体和肾上腺功能障碍)、胃肠道系统(腹泻、结肠炎、恶心)、肺(肺炎)、皮肤(皮疹、皮肤瘙痒、白癜风)、肌肉骨骼系统(关节痛和肌肉痛)。疲劳、发热和厌食等全身症状也常见。

不同ICI类别的irAE发生率:与PD-1 mAb相比,CTLA-4 mAb更常发生3/4级irAE(31% vs 10%;OR,4.0;95% CI,3.5~4.6)。CTLA-4 mAb更常发生所有级别的结肠炎(OR,8.7;CI,5.8~12.9)、垂体炎(6.5;3.0~14.3)和皮疹(2.0;1.8~2.3),而PD-1 mAb的肺炎(6.4;3.2~12.7)、甲状腺功能减退症(4.3;2.9~6.3)、关节痛(3.5;2.6~4.8)和白癜风(3.5;2.3~5.3)更频繁。

图1:PD-1 mAb vs CTLA-4 mAb的所有级别irAE的比较

不同组织学类型的irAE发生率:PD-1 mAb试验中,研究最多的3个肿瘤类型为黑色素瘤(2048例)、非小细胞肺癌NSCLC,1030例)、肾细胞癌(RCC,573例)。与NSCLC相比,黑色素瘤的胃肠道irAE和皮肤irAE的发生率较高,而肺炎发生率较低。与RCC相比,黑色素瘤患者关节炎和肌痛更常见,而肺炎和呼吸困难在RCC中常见。

图2:NSCLC和黑色素瘤的所有级别irAE的比较

图3:黑色素瘤和RCC的所有级别irAE的比较

不同ICI剂量水平的irAE发生率的差异:虽然irAE发生率随着剂量水平的增加而成比例的增加,但是被证实具有统计学显着性的仅为纳武单抗治疗者的肺炎:10mg vs 3mg(HR,2.76;95% CI,1.23~6.18)。

多变量分析:多变量逻辑回归模型显示,仅有ICI的类别与irAE风险显着相关:与PD-1相比,CTLA-4可显着增加结肠炎风险(OR,3.12;95% CI,1.06~9.24;P=0.04),显着降低肺炎风险(OR,0.03;95% CI,0.01~0.15;P<0.001)。

造成停药或死亡的irAE的发生率:纳入的临床试验,对因irAE而造成的停药的报道结果不一致。在PD-1试验中,停药率为3%~12%;CTLA-4试验为3%~25%。最常见的造成停药的irAE为腹泻/结肠炎。在PD-1试验中,造成死亡的irAE极为罕见(帕母单抗,0.1%;纳武单抗,0.3%),并且最常继发于肺炎。CTLA-4试验中,死亡更可能继发于胃肠道事件,包括腹泻、结肠炎和结肠穿孔。

结论

CTLA-4 mAb和PD-1 mAb具有不同的irAE特征。不同的免疫微环境促成了组织学特异性irAE模式。随着ICI试验中更多数据的出现,会鉴别出其他肿瘤依赖性irAE的特征。

点评

此研究证实了之前从未报道的irAE的一些新的重要方面。研究显示,当接受PD-1抑制剂治疗时,不同肿瘤(黑色素瘤、NSCLC、RCC)具有不同的irAE特征。由于接受相同ICI治疗的不同肿瘤类型的患者中,抗肿瘤免疫应答具有差异,因此,此结果并不令人惊讶。肿瘤微环境、免疫渗透、适应性免疫应答和新抗原的形成,都会受到组织学的影响,因此,这就是为何不同肿瘤类型的irAE具有差异的一个原因。

过去一年,抗PD-1/PD-L1 mAb已经获批用于顺铂难治性头颈部癌症和尿路上皮癌的治疗。有趣的是,帕母单抗获批用于NSCLC的一线用药,局限于PD-L1阳性和非ALK、非EGFR突变患者。这些癌症的转化医学研究正在努力阐明肿瘤微环境的差异、肿瘤异质性对肿瘤微环境和免疫应答的影响、其他治疗方案对肿瘤微环境的影响。所有这些因素都可能影响之后发生的毒性。识别不同治疗方案相关的特异性毒性特征将需要不懈的努力和大型的数据分析。

需要注意的是,在真实世界中,此研究的结论将更加明显。因此,需要更深入的了解irAE的机制,从而鉴别出可以预测毒性发生率或预测不可能对糖皮质激素产生应答的生物标志物。这些生物标志物将影响irAE的管理。此外,还应鉴别出与较高irAE相关的临床因素,如既往治疗或合并症。
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    2018-07-16 minlingfeng
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    2017-08-15 luominglian113

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-08-14 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习。

    0

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    2017-08-14 182****5225

    谢谢梅斯医学这个平台。

    0

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    2017-08-13 天地飞扬

    谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-08-13 飘飘爱

    很好

    0

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