老年人背痛驼背:警惕脊椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折

2019-09-01 佚名 杏林之声

人一旦上了年纪,就会发现各种各样的毛病随之而来,其中最令老人们苦恼的要数难以忍受的腰背痛了。因为腰背痛经常发生,很多老人也不把它当回事,痛的时候多休息一会,也不去医院检查,使得腰背痛往往反复发作、经久不愈。但其实腰背痛的老人,特别是起床时疼痛加剧甚至出现驼背现象的老人,是需要对其引起重视了,因为你很有可能得了骨质疏松性压缩骨折!

人一旦上了年纪,就会发现各种各样的毛病随之而来,其中最令老人们苦恼的要数难以忍受的腰背痛了。因为腰背痛经常发生,很多老人也不把它当回事,痛的时候多休息一会,也不去医院检查,使得腰背痛往往反复发作、经久不愈。但其实腰背痛的老人,特别是起床时疼痛加剧甚至出现驼背现象的老人,是需要对其引起重视了,因为你很有可能得了骨质疏松性压缩骨折!

骨质疏松症是由于多种原因引发的骨密度、骨质量降低、骨微结构破坏现象,增加骨脆性,最终发生骨折的全身性骨病。人们常说的老人骨头脆,其实大部分也是因为患有骨质疏松的原因。

压缩性骨折是骨折的一种,通常发生在脊柱骨折中,表现为椎体前半部分被压缩、后半部分正常,椎体变楔形。骨质疏松性压缩骨折属于常见骨质疏松症的常见并发症,其是在患者轻微外伤、无明显外伤的作用下发生椎体压缩性骨折。平常一些看上去的小事其实都有可能导致压缩性骨折的发生,如坐车的时候一个急刹车、一次咳嗽、一次喷嚏、弯腰捡东西时不注意,都可能造成骨质疏松性压缩骨折的发生。

骨质疏松性压缩骨折一般为单纯性骨折,很少合并脊髓和神经的损伤,故其临床表现主要为胸腰背部剧烈疼痛、翻身困难、活动时疼痛加重和出现脊柱畸形,也即发生驼背。临床诊断该病主要通过一些特征,如突发的腰背部疼痛,躺着时疼痛减轻、翻身或活动疼痛加重、夜晚疼痛加重以及患者的年龄、病史和影像学检查,如X线、CT、MRI检查来诊断,其中MRI检查是最可靠的影像检查。那么在诊断出该病后如何治疗呢?

一般情况下,临床治疗通常采用保守疗法(如卧床休息、围腰保护、非甾体消炎止痛药等等)、椎弓根固定撑开复位术为主,前者可以有效缓解患者病情,但由于患者需要长期卧床,极易引发多种并发症的产生,如加重骨质疏松程度、褥疮等,最终造成患者产生慢性顽固性腰背疼痛,并且保守方法在解决椎体强度和硬度、脊柱变形等方面无明显效果;后者为传统手术方法,通过在脊柱上打上数枚钉子,对椎体进行固定,从而达到治疗目的。该方法在老年胸腰椎骨折临床治疗上的效果理想,但由于患者骨质疏松的存在,极易导致固定钉松动被迫拔除现象的发生,手术失败。由此可知,保守治疗并发症多,传统手术创伤大、效果欠佳,故两种方法缺陷都较明显,随着新型微创技术的不断进步,经皮椎体成形术(PVP)和经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术(PKP)已广泛应用于临床。

PVP和PKP技术主要作为治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的新型微创手术能够迅速缓解疼痛, 促进患者早期功能锻炼,故备受患者和医生的青睐。两者均是十分有效的微创脊柱治疗方式,通过通道将特制的手术器械放置在病人压缩骨折的部位,将脊柱压缩部位撑开部分复位,然后注入骨水泥(PKP),或者不撑开直接注入骨水泥(PVP),使被压缩的椎体得以加固,从而达到迅速止痛的效果。此种手术切口小,出血约10-15ml,手术通常采用局麻病人恢复迅速,手术时间20-30分钟。术后病人立刻痛苦解除,第二天便可下地活动。对于许多伴有较重合并症的老年病人,也可以采用。

那么PVP与PKP该如何选择呢?椎体成形术(PVP)开始于20世纪80年代初,而球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术(PKP)开始于90年代末,晚了10多年。后者在吸取了前者的经验教训的基础上做了改进。

首先相对传统的PVP,PKP经过球囊扩张后再分次注入骨水泥,一方面球囊扩张后留下的空腔周围的松质骨得到压实,人为地造了一个阻止骨水泥渗漏的屏障;另一方面使用推杆分次注入骨水泥较传统的压力泵持续注入大大降低了骨水泥注入时的压力,因此骨水泥的渗漏大大减少了。有报道球PKP的骨水泥渗漏率在10%左右,而传统椎体成形术骨水泥渗漏可高达80%以上。当然这里可能存在操作者手术技巧方面的差别,但这仍然是PKP较传统PVP的最大优点。

其次PVP在恢复椎体高度,矫正后凸畸形上优于传统的PVP。有学者通过离体实验比较了两者在恢复椎体高度方面的效果,结果使用球囊能恢复97%的丢失高度,而传统PVP仅能恢复30%。

降低渗漏率就等于减少了手术的并发症,而恢复椎体高度、改善后凸畸形、保持脊柱正常序列又对预防患者将来背痛的发生有好处。因此PKP明显优于传统的PVP,但由于使用了球囊,医疗费用的支出要增加不少。

最后,在以后对于家中老人突然出现腰背痛、活动困难等情况时,一定要警惕椎体骨质疏松性骨折的出现,建议立即减少老人活动,尽量卧床,尽快用轮椅把患者送到正规医院去检查就诊,防止错过了最佳的治疗时机,使得病情加重。也提醒大家不可盲目采取按摩、推拿等方法进行“自我治疗”,防止因为治疗不恰当而加重病情。老年人背痛驼背,需要引起我们警惕与重视!

专家简介:王松,西南医科大学附属医院脊柱外科副主任医师,博士,副教授,硕士生导师。

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    2020-08-22 仁心济世

    老年人背痛#驼背#:警惕脊椎骨质疏松性#压缩骨折#,提醒得好!

    0

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    2019-09-03 Eleven17
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    2019-09-03 neizongke
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    2019-09-02 liushui8012

    背痛,翻身加重,多为压缩骨折!

    0

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尽管年龄相关的疾病的发生率在老年人口中增加,包括老年性耳聋和认知障碍。但是两者之间的相关性仍旧未知。最近,有研究人员调查了老年性耳聋与认知障碍之间的相关性。研究包括了399名年龄不小于65岁的听力损失老年患者。研究人员使用了相关的量表进行了分析。研究发现,399名因老年性耳聋使用助听器的患者中,45名(11%)患有痴呆,354名(88.7%)不患有痴呆。当认知障碍组根据GDS评分分成轻度(1-4)

Eur Heart J:老年人停用他汀,心血管事件风险明显增加

欧洲心脏病学杂志发表的一项基于人群的队列研究显示,服用他汀类药物治疗的老年患者,如果停药,则心血管事件风险显着增加。

“被梅毒”的老年人:揭开纠缠老年人的梅毒“假阳性”面纱

在日常医疗工作中,经常会碰到一些需要手术的老年人,术前传染病四项结果回报为梅毒(+)。众所周知,梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种性病,是生活不检点的代名词。绝大多数人是比较忌讳的。

Hypertension:维生素D状态与老年人直立性低血压无关

总之,维生素D与老年人直立性低血压无显著相关性。

疾控专家:贫困地区老年人心理健康状况尤其值得关注

中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心党总支书记李志新29日在北京表示,中国是世界上老年人口最多的国家,当前老年人对心理健康问题认知度不高的现象在中国普遍存在。贫困地区老年人心理健康状况尤其值得关注。