AHA2017:真实世界数据挑战临床试验结果:新型P2Y12抑制剂真的优于氯吡格雷?

2017-11-18 MedSci MedSci原创

P2Y12抑制剂作为急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者抗血小板治疗的基石药物,关于其药物选择问题一直备受关注。

2017年11月11~15日,2017年美国心脏协会(AHA)科学年会于美国加州阿纳海姆顺利召开。P2Y12抑制剂作为急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者抗血小板治疗的基石药物,关于其药物选择问题一直备受关注。会议期间,美国研究者Zhong Y等报道了一项真实世界研究,对新型P2Y12抑制剂的疗效和安全性与氯吡格雷进行了比较,结果与既往临床试验并不一致,显示新型PP2Y12抑制剂的抗缺血疗效与氯吡格雷相似、而大出血风险更高。该真实世界数据对新型P2Y12抑制剂在临床试验中的优势提出了严重质疑。究竟孰优孰劣?这个问题值得深入探究和反思。

研究背景及目的

以往有临床研究显示,ACS患者应用新型P2Y12抑制剂(替格瑞洛、普拉格雷)治疗较氯吡格雷预防血管事件的疗效更佳。但尚缺乏关于这方面的真实世界证据。为此,美国研究者Zhong Y等利用美国政府公布的真实世界数据,调查了新型P2Y12抑制剂与氯吡格雷相比在预防心肌梗死/缺血性卒中方面的有效性以及关于大出血风险的安全性。

研究方法

研究者通过查询储文健康分析商业索赔(MarketScan)数据库,筛选出2011年7月20日至2016年10月31日期间因ACS住院的患者资料。入选标准包括:年龄18~64岁,在首次应用P2Y12抑制剂之前已被纳入该数据库≥6个月,在ACS住院14天内首次应用P2Y12抑制剂,在检索日期前30天接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)。通过倾向性评分匹配法,将入选患者按1:1比例分为新型P2Y12抑制剂(替格瑞洛或普拉格雷)组或氯吡格雷组。有效性终点包括在ACS出院后发生心肌梗死/缺血性卒中的复合终点及其单独成分,安全性终点为与住院相关的大出血。计算有效性和安全性终点事件的发生率,并应用Cox比例风险模型评估风险比(HR)。为控制残留误差,应用阴性对照结局来校准P值。

研究结果

在倾向性评分匹配之后,患者所有基线特征均达到平衡。分析共纳入普拉格雷vs.氯吡格雷8984对,替格瑞洛vs.氯吡格雷4780对。结果显示,在主要复合有效性终点(心肌缺血/缺血性卒中)方面,普拉格雷与氯吡格雷疗效相似(HR=0.95,95%CI:0.79~1.14,P=0.578,校准P=0.700),替格瑞洛也与氯吡格雷疗效相似(HR=1.09,95%CI:0.85~1.41,P=0.481,校准P=0.662)。而在安全性方面,替格瑞洛和普拉格雷大出血风险均明显高于氯吡格雷(图1)。



图1. 替格瑞洛/普拉格雷vs.氯吡格雷:疗效相似,但大出血风险明显增加

研究结论及讨论

该真实世界研究得出结论,PCI/ACS患者应用新型P2Y12抑制剂(替格瑞洛或普拉格雷)治疗,在降低出院后缺血事件(心肌梗死/缺血性卒中)风险的疗效与氯吡格雷相似,而大出血风险明显增加。这与以往临床研究的结果大相径庭,非但没有证实新型P2Y12抑制剂在抗缺血方面的优势,而且进一步揭示了其高出血风险。这样的结果令人深思,相较于随机对照临床试验,真实世界研究对入选患者限制更少、研究范围更大、涉及人群更广,所获得的证据也更符合临床实际,更具现实意义。虽然目前尚不清楚造成真实世界研究与临床试验之间结果差异的原因究竟是什么,但该研究至少为临床医生敲响了警钟,提示其应审慎看待比较新型P2Y12抑制剂与氯吡格雷之间的临床研究数据。

实际上,这并不是第一项得出与临床试验不一致结果的真实世界研究。GRAPE注册研究是一项多中心、前瞻性、观察性研究,其结果显示,在真实世界中,氯吡格雷与替格瑞洛在降低主要不良心血管事件的有效性方面无显着差异,而在出血风险方面氯吡格雷较新型P2Y12受体抑制剂显着降低;而且,无论是停药率还是换药率,氯吡格雷均显着低于普拉格雷和替格瑞洛,这可能与其出血、呼吸困难等不良事件风险较低相关(J Thromb Haemost.2016;14:1146-1154)。2017年欧洲心脏病学学会(ESC)年会上发表了两篇比较三种P2Y12抑制剂的真实世界研究,均基于美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)不良事件报告系统(FAERS)数据库[European Heart Journal.2017;38(Suppl):513-514以及European Heart Journal.2017;38(Suppl): 925]。结果令人惊讶,在真实世界环境下,基于2015年度FAERS数据库,替格瑞洛的全因死亡、心脏不良事件和血栓性不良事件风险均显着高于氯吡格雷,其中死亡率较氯吡格雷显着增加达69%(14.7% vs. 8.7%,P<0.0001);即使在整个FAERS数据库中,替格瑞洛相关死亡风险也显着高于氯吡格雷(12.4% vs. 11.6%,P=0.018)。这与之前PLATO研究显示替格瑞洛可较氯吡格雷显着降低心血管死亡率及总死亡率的研究结果完全相反(N Engl J Med.2009;361:1045-1057)。

关于新型P2Y12抑制剂与经典药物氯吡格雷之间孰优孰劣的问题一直是研究热点,既往有研究证据显示新型P2Y12抑制剂似乎能为ACS患者带来更多心血管、甚至生存获益,一时之间颇令人鼓舞。然而,最近接连发表的几项真实世界研究却得出了不一致、甚至截然相反的结果,这足以令人警觉,也有必要继续开展更多设计良好的临床研究和真实世界研究来进行进一步验证。无论如何,临床心血管医师在选择P2Y12抑制剂时,应充分考虑其疗效和安全性,尽量选择抗缺血疗效确切且出血风险小的药物,且在评估循证医学证据时报以客观、全面的态度,包括临床试验和真实世界研究。

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    2018-10-29 jklm09
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    2018-06-08 yeye5224612
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851573, encodeId=899118515e3de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 10:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1995503, encodeId=f62d1995503ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=992411149e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#2抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1114, encryptionId=992411149e, topicName=2抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 20:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1940207, encodeId=5ab7194020e63, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18f81361276' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#P2Y12#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13612, encryptionId=18f81361276, topicName=P2Y12)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Fri Jun 08 13:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1267611, encodeId=753d126e61129, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=922f21183d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AHA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2118, encryptionId=922f21183d, topicName=AHA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf3d82, createdName=zhaohui6731, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295180, encodeId=0c19129518098, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0425e2636b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#真实世界#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72636, encryptionId=0425e2636b8, topicName=真实世界)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1442722, encodeId=3ca81442e221c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=687313616b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#P2Y12抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13616, encryptionId=687313616b4, topicName=P2Y12抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff014972968, createdName=luckyshitiancai_42705685, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262321, encodeId=5740262321da, content=RWS也很有力, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Nov 18 18:18:30 CST 2017, time=2017-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-20 zhaohui6731
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851573, encodeId=899118515e3de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 10:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1995503, encodeId=f62d1995503ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=992411149e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#2抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1114, encryptionId=992411149e, topicName=2抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Sun Jul 29 20:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1940207, encodeId=5ab7194020e63, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18f81361276' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#P2Y12#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13612, encryptionId=18f81361276, topicName=P2Y12)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Fri Jun 08 13:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1267611, encodeId=753d126e61129, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=922f21183d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AHA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2118, encryptionId=922f21183d, topicName=AHA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf3d82, createdName=zhaohui6731, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295180, encodeId=0c19129518098, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0425e2636b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#真实世界#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72636, encryptionId=0425e2636b8, topicName=真实世界)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1442722, encodeId=3ca81442e221c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=687313616b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#P2Y12抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13616, encryptionId=687313616b4, topicName=P2Y12抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff014972968, createdName=luckyshitiancai_42705685, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262321, encodeId=5740262321da, content=RWS也很有力, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Nov 18 18:18:30 CST 2017, time=2017-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2017-11-18 lovetcm

    RWS也很有力

    0

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