我国医药物流产业发展现状分析

2019-11-27 苗先锋 火石创造

2016年2月开始国家取消第三方药品物流业务批准政策及两票制的深入推行,我国医药物流行业整合进入深水区。

2016年2月开始国家取消第三方药品物流业务批准政策及两票制的深入推行,我国医药物流行业整合进入深水区。

医药物流简介

医药物流是指依托一定的物流设备、技术和物流管理信息系统,有效整合营销渠道上下游资源,通过优化药品供销配运环节中的验收、存储、分拣、配送等作业过程,提高订单处理能力,降低货物分拣差错,缩短库存及配送时间,减少物流成本,提高服务水平和资金使用效益,实现的自动化、信息化和效益化。

医药物流是物流业务中的高端业务场景,利润率及稳定性高于普通物流,承运普通货物的净利润率在5%以下,而医药物流却可以保持在8%。

医药物流参与者按企业性质可分为四类:(1)大型医药企业直属的物流子公司,如国药物流、九州通物流等;(2)垂直于医药行业的专业物流公司。如北京华欣物流有限公司、上海康展物流有限公司等;(3)传统综合物流企业,如顺丰速运、中国邮政、佳吉快运等;(4)属于电商平台直属的物流企业,如京东物流等。

我国医药物流产业发展现状

1. 行业快速发展,集中度提升

据国家统计局数据显示,2019年前三季度,医药制造业营业收入为18184.2亿元,同比增长8.4%。医药物流市场方面2016年我国医药物流费用超2963亿元,到2020年将达到4100亿元。

流通领域行业集中度持续提高,数据显示,2018年国药、上药、华润、九州通4家全国龙头企业主营业务收入占同期全国医药市场总规模的39.1%,较2017年增长将近5个百分点。随着医药物流市场的逐步开放,市场竞争会持续加剧,药企物流(资源优势)、全网物流(网络及运营能力出色)及电商物流(流量优势)将会是未来市场的主要参与者。

2. 运输资质放开,企业加速布局行业竞争加速

承运医药物流业务需要药监局颁发相应的运输资质,且对物流储运要求标准较高行业进入门槛较高。随着“两票制”政策的实施落地,2016年2月开始国家取消第三方药品物流业务批准政策,鼓励符合国家质量要求的第三方物流企业进入该领域,提高医药物流效率。

3. “两票制”、“4+7” 推动医药物流行业变革

随着“4+7”带量采购、“两票制”、药品零加成等医药改革政策的不断推进与落实,随着流通模式骤变、拆零量激增、渠道不断下沉的变化,很多企业的物流成本都处于上升状态。

在推行“两票制”前,部分全国性流通企业对终端网络的渗透能力并不强,产品由全国总代理层层分发,形成多级代理关系。在实施“两票制”之后,由药品公司对接医药流通企业,砍掉了中间多余的分销商环节,医药供应链链条将缩短。


图1  推行“两票制”前后医药流通模式变化

“4+7”带量采购不仅对产品的生产提出了挑战,更对物流成本的控制提出极大的要求。要求医药流通企业将原有的运输管理下沉到基层医疗网络,订单量的增加,对其交付能力提出了极大的挑战。

医药物流供应链金融发展现状

1. 医药物流渠道扁平化,企业运作模式变革

“两票制”改革后,医药流通环节将呈现出渠道扁平化的特点,医药流通企业行业集中度将提高,中小流通企业逐渐退出,大型流通企业从中获益。

医药供应链流通环节的压缩,将会对医药流通企业产生直接的影响,大型医药流通企业从中受益。“两票制”实施后,医药流通企业将直接连接上游医药生产企业和下游零售终端,在医药供应链中承担信息流、物流、资金流的枢纽作用。

物流方面,医药流通企业连接着上游医药生产企业,承担货物的集散、配送和渠道库存作用;信息流方面,医药流通企业直面下游医疗机构等终端客户,既能帮助上游医药生产企业实现“以销定产”的物料生产计划,又能实现医疗终端市场的信息收集和反馈,不断调整产品策略;资金流方面,为保障医药供应链的正常运转,医药流通企业需协助生产企业降低应收账款,保障其现金流,承担医院到厂家这一过程中的资金垫付功能。

2. 两票制之下万亿级医药流通供应链金融

“两票制”的实施之后医药物流市场两点重要变化:一是流通企业融资需求加大,二是信贷资源向大型医药流通企业集中。

“两票制”实施前,由于存在大包及省代等中间垫资环节,整个医药供应链融资需求相对较小;“两票制”实施后,随着大包及省代等中间环节退出,医药生产企业回款周期延长(全国回款速度最快的上海,大约45天,最长3个月。河南最快3个月,最长约14个月),现金流会趋于紧张,医药流通企业将承担起为医药生产企业垫款的职能。因此,医药流通企业对于银行的供应链融资需求将会有较大的增长。

“两票制”改革后,银行信贷资源将会越来越集中于少数大型的医药流通企业。“两票制”实施后,中小型流通企业由于缺乏竞争力,将会逐渐退出流通环节,医药供应链流通企业将会集中于国药、上药、华润、广药和九州通等全国性的大型医药流通企业,以及部分省市非常强的区域医药配送龙头,信贷资源也将会优先配置于该类目标客户。

我国医药物流产业发展困境

1. 医药物流信息化程度低

信息共享机制不健全,供应链上下游企业之间的信息互不相通,“信息孤岛”较为普遍。我国在物流方面的信息技术尚处于起步阶段,大多数的医药物流运作都没有专门的医药物流信息系统,医药物流运作的相关信息之间缺乏共享和传递。

信息化是医药流通企业能否成功扩张、降低管理成本的关键因素,也是更好、更快地响应客户的最基本支持。


图2   企业自有医药物流信息化资源概况

2. 我国医药物流标准化工作相对滞后

物流标准的不统一已成为制约医药物流向规范化、高效化并与国际接轨的一大障碍。我国的医药生产企业和商品批发企业还没有形成统一的药品标准编码,严重约束了不同领域之间信息的传递和共享。目前,追溯要求的统一、箱子的统一、包装的统一、存储运输条件的统一的是需求十分突出的部分。

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    2019-11-29 cathymary
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