Aging Cell:高胆碱饮食,或能对抗阿尔茨海默症!

2019-10-14 佚名 中国生物技术网

近日发表在《Aging Cell》在一项新研究中,来自美国亚利桑那州立大学(ASU)Biodesign研究所的研究人员发现,一种终生的胆碱饮食方案有助于预防阿尔茨海默症(AD)。

近日发表在《Aging Cell》在一项新研究中,来自美国亚利桑那州立大学(ASU)Biodesign研究所的研究人员发现,一种终生的胆碱饮食方案有助于预防阿尔茨海默症(AD)。

胆碱是一种安全且易于使用的营养素,它天然存在于某些食物中,可作为膳食补充剂。胆碱在体内可作为甲基供体,并可作为乙酰胆碱的前体,后者的失调可能参与阿尔茨海默症的发展。该研究通讯作者Ramon Velazquez及其团队研究了胆碱是否能减轻阿尔茨海默症的影响。

今年早些时候,该团队在母亲补充胆碱的小鼠中发现了AD样症状减轻的跨代益处。这项新研究通过探索胆碱在成年小鼠(非胎儿小鼠)中的作用扩展了这一研究领域。

该研究的重点是AD样症状的雌性小鼠。鉴于AD在人类女性中的发病率较高,因此该研究试图确定胆碱对雌性小鼠的影响。研究结果表明,与接受正常胆碱含量(1.1g/kg)的小鼠相比,终生通过饮食摄入大量胆碱(5.0g/kg)小鼠的空间记忆能力得到改善。

值得注意的是,此前一个研究团队发表的研究结果表明,终生补充胆碱对患有AD样症状的雄性小鼠也有益处。Velazquez说:“我们的研究很好地将那项研究结果在雌性群体中复制。”

研究发现,终生补充胆碱的有益作用降低了小胶质细胞的活化。小胶质细胞是一种特殊的细胞,可以清除大脑中的有害碎片。虽然它们的自然产生是为了维持大脑健康,但如果其过度活化,则会发生大脑炎症和神经元死亡(AD的常见症状),从而损害认知功能。

在该研究中,研究人员观察到各种神经退行性疾病中存在的与疾病相关小胶质细胞数量的减少,这一发现为研究提供了令人兴奋的新途径,并为治疗包括创伤性脑损伤、多发性硬化症和帕金森病在内的一系列疾病提供了方法。

为大脑补充胆碱

已知胆碱通过至少两种途径保护大脑免受阿尔茨海默症的侵害,这项新研究对这两种途径都进行了探索。 首先,胆碱阻止β淀粉样蛋白斑块的产生,这是阿尔茨海默症的标志性病理特征。其次,补充胆碱会降低小胶质细胞的活性。

从机制上讲,小胶质细胞活性的降低是由两个关键受体的变化所驱动的,即α7烟碱乙酰胆碱和Sigma-1受体。 今年的一项研究发现,胆碱可以作为Sigma-1受体的激动剂。 这些结果证实终生补充胆碱可以改变Sigma-1受体的表达,从而降低小胶质细胞的活性。

众所周知,早在临床症状变得明显之前,阿尔茨海默症就对大脑造成了伤害。一旦发现症状就为时已晚,该疾病已变得不可逆转。除了导致定向障碍和记忆丧失外,该疾病还会导致患病者失去运动控制能力。

为了开发更有效的治疗方法,我们首先需要了解疾病本身。女性患阿尔茨海默症的风险特别高。这项研究表明,简单地在饮食中添加胆碱可能会减轻受该疾病影响最大人群的AD病理症状。 此外,这些结果对小胶质细胞过度活化的其他神经退行性疾病也有重要意义。

膳食胆碱指南

先前关于阿尔茨海默症的研究表明,并非单一因素在起作用,而是许多因素被认为导致疾病的发展,包括遗传、年龄和生活方式等。 此外,研究表明,饮食可以增加或降低认知下降的风险。

最近的一项研究表明,由于缺乏包括胆碱在内的重要营养素,植物性饮食可能是决定性因素。 另一项研究发现,英国痴呆症病例的增加可能与饮食中的胆碱缺乏有关。实际上,截至2019年8月,AD和其他形式的痴呆症已成为英格兰和威尔士的主要死亡原因。

目前确定的成年女性(19岁以上)胆碱摄入量为425mg/天,成年男性为550mg/天。 越来越多的证据表明,即使是当前建议的每日摄入量(RDI)对于正常的衰老过程也可能不是最佳选择,尤其是对女性而言。考虑到女性的AD发病率较高,所以这一点很重要。 这表明饮食中添加胆碱可能有助于预防与大脑衰老相关的神经病变。

成年女性和男性胆碱的耐受上限(TUL)为3500mg/天,比女性的推荐量425mg /天高出8.24倍,比男性的推荐550mg/天高出6.36倍。 Velazquez说:“我们的胆碱补充饮食方案仅是RDI的4.5倍,远低于TUL,所以它是一种安全的策略。”

胆碱存在于多种食物中。根据美国农业部(USDA)的数据,在鸡蛋(1个鸡蛋含有胆碱47mg)、花椰菜(44mg/100g)、蘑菇(51mg/100g)、深色绿叶菜(42mg/100g)、小麦胚芽(1盎司吐司含有胆碱51mg)和牛奶(8盎司含胆碱38mg)等食物中都含有大量胆碱。 另外,含有胆碱的维生素补充剂,例如胆碱酒石酸盐和氯化胆碱,价格不贵,可被广泛使用。 含胆碱的维生素补充剂对那些以植物性饮食为主的人特别重要。

胆碱的作用

所有动植物细胞都需要胆碱来维持其结构完整性。长期以来,人们已经认识到胆碱对大脑功能的重要作用。人体利用胆碱产生乙酰胆碱,这是负责功能记忆、肌肉控制和情绪调节的神经递质。 胆碱还用于构建细胞膜,在调节基因表达中发挥着至关重要的作用。

在这项研究中,研究人员使用水迷宫来确定接受终生补充胆碱具有AD样症状的小鼠是否表现出空间记忆的改善。 他们发现确实如此,并在随后检查了从小鼠大脑海马体中提取的组织,证实了毒性β淀粉样蛋白的变化和小胶质细胞活性的降低,从而减少了大脑炎症。

由于胆碱诱导小胶质细胞的关键受体发生改变,所以认知行为的改善可能在于小胶质细胞的活性降低。

这项研究的意义确定了胆碱补充对女性一生的有益影响。Velazquez说: “我们的工作很好地补充了最近那项研究,该研究显示终生胆碱补充疗法对雄性AD小鼠的益处,但没有人验证在雌性AD小鼠中补充胆碱是否有益。”

胆碱与许多药物相比是一种非常安全的替代方法,因此它成为预防AD很具吸引力的候选药物。 RDI(建议的每日摄入量)的4.5倍仍然远低于我们可耐受的上限,所以胆碱是一种安全的预防性治疗策略。

虽然这些结果提高了我们对这种疾病的理解,但作者建议研究人员应该进行临床试验以确认胆碱在将来是否可以作为可行的治疗方法。

原始出处:
Velazquez R1, Ferreira E1, Knowles S1,2, et al.Lifelong choline supplementation ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology and associated cognitive deficits by attenuating microglia activation.Aging Cell. 2019 Sep 27:e13037. doi: 10.1111/acel.13037. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2020-03-07 维他命
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1816947, encodeId=b268181694efb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b59e77626' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97776, encryptionId=17b59e77626, topicName=阿尔茨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 22:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871454, encodeId=0c8b18e145400, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Mar 07 10:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961740, encodeId=60551961e405b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Mar 07 12:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1817970, encodeId=e6e1181e9705a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c9f9e777ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97777, encryptionId=4c9f9e777ac, topicName=阿尔茨海)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jan 14 09:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1470324, encodeId=ea5414e0324d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=45a79e7788c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97778, encryptionId=45a79e7788c, topicName=阿尔茨海默)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5917090900, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Wed Oct 16 06:36:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527416, encodeId=a11b152e41696, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b483495a2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胆碱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83495, encryptionId=10b483495a2, topicName=胆碱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce6211859522, createdName=grace5704, createdTime=Wed Oct 16 06:36:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1816947, encodeId=b268181694efb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b59e77626' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97776, encryptionId=17b59e77626, topicName=阿尔茨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 22:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871454, encodeId=0c8b18e145400, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Mar 07 10:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961740, encodeId=60551961e405b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Mar 07 12:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1817970, encodeId=e6e1181e9705a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c9f9e777ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97777, encryptionId=4c9f9e777ac, topicName=阿尔茨海)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jan 14 09:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1470324, encodeId=ea5414e0324d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=45a79e7788c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97778, encryptionId=45a79e7788c, topicName=阿尔茨海默)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5917090900, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Wed Oct 16 06:36:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527416, encodeId=a11b152e41696, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b483495a2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胆碱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83495, encryptionId=10b483495a2, topicName=胆碱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce6211859522, createdName=grace5704, createdTime=Wed Oct 16 06:36:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1816947, encodeId=b268181694efb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b59e77626' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97776, encryptionId=17b59e77626, topicName=阿尔茨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 22:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871454, encodeId=0c8b18e145400, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Mar 07 10:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961740, encodeId=60551961e405b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Mar 07 12:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1817970, encodeId=e6e1181e9705a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c9f9e777ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97777, encryptionId=4c9f9e777ac, topicName=阿尔茨海)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jan 14 09:36:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1470324, encodeId=ea5414e0324d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=45a79e7788c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97778, encryptionId=45a79e7788c, topicName=阿尔茨海默)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5917090900, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Wed Oct 16 06:36:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527416, encodeId=a11b152e41696, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b483495a2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胆碱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83495, encryptionId=10b483495a2, topicName=胆碱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce6211859522, createdName=grace5704, createdTime=Wed Oct 16 06:36:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-10-16 grace5704

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有学者指出,中国正逐步走进老龄化社会,退行性病变明显增多,神经变性疾病已成为四大死因之一,阿尔茨海默病(AD)则是老年人神经变性疾病的最常见类型。其中,家族性阿尔茨海默病(FAD)患者起病更早、进展迅速、病情更严重,而根治之法的问世却不知何年何月。近日,亚利桑那州立大学生命科学学院的研究人员指出,长期高胆碱饮食竟然可以有效改善FAD!而且该治疗效应还可以延续至下一代!这为神经变性疾病的表观遗传