Neurology:新量表定义精细认知障碍,非侵入性预测阿尔茨海默病!

2020-01-06 Walter 转化医学网

导 读:阿尔兹海默病(AD)是一种起病隐匿的进行性神经退行性疾病,表现为记忆力减退和认知功能障碍。AD的发病机制尚不清楚,但在显著的症状出现之前,患者大脑中就产生了β-淀粉样蛋白斑块的沉积等病理学变化。这种病理标志物的检测往往涉及侵入性损伤和昂贵的试剂;用影像学检测到异常蛋白沉积时已经太迟,此时大脑的结构和功能已经发生了不可逆的损伤。因此寻找非侵入性的AD预测手段迫在眉睫。

导 读:阿尔兹海默病(AD)是一种起病隐匿的进行性神经退行性疾病,表现为记忆力减退和认知功能障碍。AD的发病机制尚不清楚,但在显著的症状出现之前,患者大脑中就产生了β-淀粉样蛋白斑块的沉积等病理学变化。这种病理标志物的检测往往涉及侵入性损伤和昂贵的试剂;用影像学检测到异常蛋白沉积时已经太迟,此时大脑的结构和功能已经发生了不可逆的损伤。因此寻找非侵入性的AD预测手段迫在眉睫。



加州大学圣地亚哥分校的Mark W. Bondi课题组近日在Neurology杂志上发表文章,发现用神经心理学量表客观定义的精细认知困难 (objectively-defined subtle cognitive difficulties, Obj-SCD)  人群脑中,β-淀粉样蛋白沉积速度较认知功能正常的人群更快,这提示神经心理学量表能比物理手段更早更敏锐地捕捉到人脑在疾病早期的细微异样。

首先,研究者将747名受试者根据认知损害的严重程度分为三组,分别为305名认知正常者(CN)、153名精细认知困难者(Obj-SCD)和289名轻度认知障碍者(MCI)。其中Obj-SCD者不足以归为认知障碍,但用更加灵敏的神经心理学量表检测出来,表现为获取信息的能力减退,或者容易犯下特定种类的错误。研究者对受试者进行了4年的跟踪调查,每年收集神经心理学量表数据,并用正电子断层扫描PET检测脑中淀粉样蛋白沉积以及用结构核磁共振MRI检测特定脑区体积。



研究者发现Obj-SCD组起始数据和认知正常组几乎没有差距,但是在4年中,其脑中淀粉样蛋白沉积的累积增长速率更快,并且其内嗅皮层也发生明显萎缩。内嗅皮层与海马联系紧密,与记忆、定位和时间观念密切相关,也是在AD早期首当其冲的脑区。这说明Obj-SCD者虽然没有表现出明显的AD的症状和器质改变,但已经处于罹患此病的风口浪尖。



轻微认知障碍组初始的淀粉样蛋白累积量更高、内嗅皮层和海马萎缩更严重,并且随实验进展海马体积减小速度较Obj-SCD和认知正常组更快,说明此时AD已经波及大脑众多部位。然而,MCI组淀粉样蛋白累积的速度却不及Obj-SCD组,说明精细认知困难阶段是AD发展的关键时期。



阿尔兹海默病的源起是多因素共同作用的结果,例如基因、生活习惯和环境因素等,最重要的即为衰老。在此过程中,累积的淀粉样蛋白斑块会逐渐杀死神经元,造成认知功能的损害以及生活能力的丧失。尽管有一系列针对AD的药物,包括刚刚上市的“九期一”,但是对于这种无解的疾病,早发现早治疗是最好的临床策略。

Kelsey R. Thomas等发现了淀粉样蛋白在AD发生之前就表现出极快的累积速度,而此时内嗅皮层和海马还未发生临床可检测的器质性改变。这种AD的“潜伏期”可以用神经心理学量表定义为精细认知困难(Obj-SCD),该量表与SDS抑郁症自评量表的作用类似,但更加客观、灵敏、可量化。如此,以非侵入的手段预测阿尔兹海默病的发生,能为临床治疗和潜在预防手段争取宝贵的时间窗!

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    2020-06-22 yinhl1978
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