松果体区表皮样囊肿1例

2020-05-20 朱斌 王守森 中国微侵袭神经外科杂志

女性,28岁;因“反复头痛2年,伴进行性右侧肢体乏力1年余”于2018年4月24日入院。既往10余年间反复发作性癫疒间样症状,间断口服苯妥英钠,症状控制尚可。入院查体:神志清楚,理解力、记忆力、定向力

1.病历摘要

女性,28岁;因“反复头痛2年,伴进行性右侧肢体乏力1年余”于2018年4月24日入院。既往10余年间反复发作性癫疒间样症状,间断口服苯妥英钠,症状控制尚可。入院查体:神志清楚,理解力、记忆力、定向力、计算力下降,右侧肢体肌力4级,肌张力下降。

头颅MRI提示松果体区、左侧丘脑与左侧侧脑室三角区占位,考虑表皮样囊肿,幕上脑室扩张。初步诊断:松果体区表皮样囊肿,非交通性脑积水。

行全麻下左侧颞顶入路颅内表皮样囊肿切除术,术中见病变呈实性,直径约5 cm,有白色光泽包膜,明显钙化增厚,边界清,血供少;囊内容物呈珍珠色蜡样物,质地软-韧。先在包膜内分块切除内容物,再向周围扩展,尽可能全切除囊内容物;因囊壁大部分钙化,尽量从囊壁内面刮出内容物,由于囊壁本身切除困难,且牵连深部神经和血管结构,仅行部分切除;术中特别注意防止囊内液性物质外流,并间断用适量生理盐水冲洗。

术后复查CT及MRI示:囊肿内容物已切除,边缘钙化部分残留。术后病理证实为表皮样囊肿。术后2周内,因发热而给予抗生素、糖皮质激素及反复腰椎穿刺治疗,2周后好转,症状消失。术后4个月当地复查MRI示肿物缩小,脑室增大。术后6个月电话随访,病人已经从事中重型体力劳动,无特殊不适。


图1 松果体区、左侧丘脑与左侧侧脑室三角区表皮样囊肿。1A术前MRIT2WI示松果体区、左侧丘脑与左侧侧脑室三角区占位,边界清,呈高信号;1BDWI示脑内占位呈高信号;1C、1D T1增强轴位像和矢状位像均示病变囊壁轻度强化(箭头所示)囊内呈低信号;1E术中见病灶为白色包膜(箭头所示),囊内容物呈珍珠色蜡样物(箭头所示);1F术后第1天CT示囊内容物全切,囊壁为点线状钙化(箭头所示),CT值约83HU;1G术后第1天MRIT1增强像示病灶较术前缩小,部分囊壁残余(箭头所示);1H术后4个月MRIFLAIR示囊状病灶大致消失,双侧侧脑室增大

2.讨论

2.1发生机制

表皮样囊肿为先天性颅内良性病变,在胚胎形成约第3~5周,神经管闭合时,外胚层细胞异位进入神经管形成;也可因外伤和皮细胞植入颅内而形成。表皮样囊肿发病率约占全脑肿瘤0.5%~1.8%,最好发部位为桥小脑角,发生于松果体区的表皮样囊肿临床较罕见,国内外仅个案报道。

2.2影像学表现

囊肿内为表皮细胞增殖、脱落形成的角蛋白、胆固醇和细胞碎片等物质,因此,其质地柔软、可塑性强,易向阻力小的脑室、脑池、脑沟等间隙内生长,呈“见缝就长”特点。其典型影像学表现为CT低密度,T1低信号,T2及DWI高信号;因囊壁血供稀少,不被强化或偶有边缘环形薄层强化,周围无水肿带。当囊壁出现钙化时,CT上可见高密度影,而囊内容物发生变化时MRI成像可不典型。本病例影像学表现较典型。

2.3临床表现及诊断

表皮样囊肿生长缓慢,出现临床症状时多已生长10余年,体积多较大,因压迫周围脑组织或包绕血管、神经而出现症状,具体临床表现因生长部位与大小不同存在差异。松果体区表皮样囊肿常压迫中脑导水管引起严重的颅高压与脑积水症状,如头痛、共济失调等。本病例以反复头痛伴进行性右侧肢体无力为主诉入院,与既往文献报道相符。病人既往10余年间反复发作性癫疒间样症状,其原因可能为轻度无菌性脑炎所致。本病例诊断主要通过典型的影像学表现、术中所见与病理学检查,其典型病理表现为镜下大量复层鳞状上皮。

2.4治疗方法

手术切除松果体区表皮样囊肿可获得很好疗效。术中应尽可能争取全切囊壁,因囊肿包膜为其生长活跃部分,不切除容易导致复发与无菌性脑膜炎。术中最关键部分是确定囊壁与深部静脉的关系,以往文献报道不要过度分离囊膜中静脉。本病例肿瘤体积过大,且术中发现部分囊壁发生钙化,与周围组织黏连紧密,术中分次掏取、清除囊内容物,缩小肿瘤体积后再分离包膜,逐步切除肿瘤,为防止术后引起严重并发症,未尝试全切。为减少术后无菌性脑膜炎的风险,术中应防止囊内容物外流,最后间断使用适量盐水冲洗囊腔或术野。

但术后本病例仍发生明显的无菌性脑膜炎,考虑原因如下:①术中未予静脉输注糖皮质激素预防,冲洗不彻底。②囊内容物切除不完全,原因是少许周边内容物硬化并紧贴钙化外壳。③顾虑腰池置管会诱发感染,术后未进行腰池置管外引流,仅进行间断腰椎穿刺释放脑脊液,效率不高。病理诊断为表皮样囊肿,术后是否需放疗观点不一。近年研究表明:颅内表皮样囊肿可转化为恶性鳞状细胞癌,尤其是儿童病人,放疗并不能防止复发,所以术后应增加影像学复查次数,以观察肿瘤是否复发。本病例术后克服无菌性脑膜炎,症状较术前改善,但仍需长期观察和随访。

原始出处:

朱斌,王守森.松果体区表皮样囊肿1例并文献复习[J].中国微侵袭神经外科杂志,2019(05):232-233.

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