ESC 2015:NSTE-ACS 2015版指南更新要点

2015-08-30 MedSci MedSci原创

NSTE-ACS包括了非ST段抬高型心肌梗死和不稳定性心绞痛,其发病率高于ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)(3-5:1),住院期间死亡率不低于STEMI,出院后6个月内死亡率甚至高于STEMI,而目前临床对其诊断与治疗还没有引起足够的重视,因此制订NSTE-ACS指南十分必要。根据ECS的指南编写和更新原则,每间隔4年ESC要对上一版指南进行全面更新,上一次更新为2011年,因此,2015年进行

ST PIC.jpg
NSTE-ACS包括了非ST段抬高型心肌梗死和不稳定性心绞痛,其发病率高于ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)(3-5:1),住院期间死亡率不低于STEMI,出院后6个月内死亡率甚至高于STEMI,而目前临床对其诊断与治疗还没有引起足够的重视,因此制订NSTE-ACS指南十分必要。

主要要点如下:

1)冠脉造影和PCI经桡动脉入路获得最高级别推荐
2)高敏肌钙蛋白(hs-cTnT)1小时检测流程(algorithm)获得推荐
3)根据患者出血或缺血风险,给予更个体化的DAPT时间
4)P2Y12抑制剂预处理未获推荐
5)对NSTE-ACS不同病情患者心律监测时程(0,24小时以内、24小时以上)首次作出推荐
6)新增对长期口服抗凝药患者使用抗血小板治疗的新章节

根据ECS的指南编写和更新原则,每间隔4年ESC要对上一版指南进行全面更新,上一次更新为2011年,因此,2015年进行全面更新是理所应当的事情,同时,新的指南也反映最近4年心血管领域最新进展,指导医务人员的临床实践。最近几年在ACS发病机制方面认识越来越深,高敏肌钙蛋白(hs-cTnT)检测广泛应用于临床诊断与风险分层,FFR(血流储备分数)和冠状动脉CTA(解剖评估)的结合,从功能与结构两个维度的评估,另外,新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂例如普拉格雷和替格瑞洛临床应用经验和研究数据的积累,新一代药物洗脱支架的广泛应用,三联抗凝和抗血小板治疗,以及对延长或缩短双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)时间认识的深入等等,这些新的进展,很多内容都被写入最新的指南,指导临床实践。

新版指南由正文和网络补遗两部分组成,以保证指南的简明和实用。同时,新版指南还特别增加了诊断与风险评估、抗栓治疗和血运重建3个主题的问与答部分,每个主题有40个问题。ESC一如既往提供了本版指南的口袋本、PDA版和将要发布的 PPT版。这些对于指南理解和推广非常重要。此外,新版指南编写组由ECS的43个国家的专家参与编写,具有广泛的代表性。

诊断与风险评估

诊断工具主要有心电图、生物标志物(主要是肌钙蛋白)和无创检查包括功能学和解剖学(FFR和CTA)检查等,同时提出一个很好的临床诊疗流程,有助于临床医师根据患者情况具体选择应用,可操作性很强。

以患者临床表现、心电图变化和生物标志物检测结果作为风险分层的工具。分层还包括缺血风险(即刻和长期)分层和出血分层。近些年的研究显示恶性心律失常是导致NSTE-ACS患者早期死亡的重要原因,新版指南首次提出对这类患者要常规监测心律24小时。

抗栓治疗

包括抗血小板和抗凝治疗。前者涉及药物选择、使用时机和使用时间3个方面,后者主要涉及普通肝素、低分子量肝素、磺达肝癸钠和比伐卢定4个药物的应用。新版指南新加入了坎格瑞洛的内容,专门开辟一节阐述三联抗栓治疗,专门重点讨论了各种出血的处理,非常值得一读。此外,新版指南强调应当根据患者出血或缺血风险,来个体化确定DAPT的时间,这也是新版指南一大亮点。

血运重建

主要包括冠状动脉造影的应用、常规有创治疗策略与选择性有创治疗策略的比较、以及血运重建治疗的时机。冠状动脉造影部分强调了NSTE-ACS患者可以有不同的造影表现,提出了如何鉴别罪犯病变的方法,阐述了FFR的应用价值。关于血运重建治疗的时机,新版指南根据患者的风险分层结果明确提出分为即刻(2小时以内)、早期(24小时以内)和有创(72小时以内)3种策略,这种具体化定义对文献数据统计、临床应用和研究都具有更强的实用性。

简明的诊断和处理流程

新版指南将NSTE-ACS患者的诊断和处理小结为6步,覆盖了患者从入院到出院全程,极具临床操作性。包括最初评估,诊断、风险分层和心律监测,抗栓,有创策略选择,血运重建方式,出院和出院后处理。此外,新版指南也提出了15个目前没有答案的问题,指明了将来研究的方向。

新版指南编写组认为新版指南具有6大亮点,包括最高级别建议应用经桡动脉施行冠脉造影和冠状动脉介入治疗、建议使用Hs-cTnT 1小时检测流程、根据缺血与出血的风险选择DAPT的时间、不建议预先使用P2Y12受体拮抗剂、建议监测24小时心律和在口服抗凝药的基础上如何实施DAPT。

ESC指南简明实用,非常值得中国医生仔细阅读并指导临床实践。但是,具体到中国的临床实践,还有一段路需要走,有些需要结合中国国情与临床实践,如高敏感肌钙蛋白,国内检测试剂较多,标准还不完全统一。

指南下载:请下载MedSci医学APP,进入“发现”频道,里面有指南。ESC发布的最新指南均可以全部下载

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    2016-08-20 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-08-20 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2015-11-25 drj2003
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    2015-09-01 yaanren

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