超声引导下头皮神经阻滞用于脑功能区肿瘤切除术中唤醒一例

2019-03-14 王茂 梅伟 临床外科杂志

病人,女,21岁,体重58kg。因突发一过性右上肢抽搐并晕厥2周,再发一过性右上肢抽搐3天入院。头颅CT及MRI检查提示左顶叶肿瘤性病变,少突胶质细胞瘤可能性大。拟在术中唤醒联合神经电生理和颅脑超声定位下行功能区脑肿瘤切除术。由于肿瘤邻近皮质运动区,术中唤醒后只需要患者配合运动手脚,决定行睡眠-清醒-睡眠技术(Asleep-awake-asleep,AAA),喉罩保护气道。

病人,女,21岁,体重58kg。因突发一过性右上肢抽搐并晕厥2周,再发一过性右上肢抽搐3天入院。头颅CT及MRI检查提示左顶叶肿瘤性病变,少突胶质细胞瘤可能性大。拟在术中唤醒联合神经电生理和颅脑超声定位下行功能区脑肿瘤切除术。由于肿瘤邻近皮质运动区,术中唤醒后只需要患者配合运动手脚,决定行睡眠-清醒-睡眠技术(Asleep-awake-asleep,AAA),喉罩保护气道。
 
我们将超声实时引导技术用于清醒开颅术前6支头皮神经的阻滞。阻滞过程如下:
 
(1)滑车上神经:消毒眉弓部,选择高频线阵探头,深度1~2 cm,超声下找到眶上切迹,显示为骨面回声中断,采用平面内入路自眉内侧进针,在眶上切迹内侧鼻根外侧的眉弓骨皮质上方注入局麻药2~3ml,可见局麻药沿眉弓骨皮质和软组织间扩散。
 
(2)眶上神经:滑车上神经阻滞完成后,穿刺针继续朝向眶上切迹方向平行推进,边进针边注射局麻药注2~3ml,可见局麻药沿眉弓骨皮质扩散并包绕眶上切迹。
 
(3)颧颞神经:在眉外侧缘,额骨与颧骨交界处,超声探头平行颧弓,定位颧弓上方颞骨骨皮质、颞浅深筋膜和颞肌,在骨质和颞肌之间注药2~3ml。
 
(4)耳颞神经:超声探头平行颧弓置于其上方,在耳屏前颧弓根部上方1 cm处寻找到颞浅动脉,超声引导下平面内技术从前向后进针,在颞浅动脉深面注入2~3ml局麻药。
 
(5)枕小神经:枕小神经在高分辨率超声可见[直径(1.1±0.3)mm]。由于超声探头分辨率的限制,我们采用定位颈浅丛来阻滞枕小神经,病人仰卧头偏向对侧,定位同侧颈浅丛阻滞,由内向外平面内穿刺,颈浅丛(含枕小神经)位于胸锁乳突肌外侧缘深面间隙内,于环状软骨水平将穿刺针置入胸锁乳突肌侧缘深面,注入3~4ml局麻药,可见药液在胸锁乳突肌下方的间隙内扩散。
 
(6)枕大神经:按照Greher等的方法实施:患者头右侧位轻度前屈,高频线阵探头与棘突垂直放置,沿颈后脊柱中线探测枕外隆凸,平行下移探头定位C2棘突,探头向左侧平移定位头下斜肌:头下斜肌一端附着于C2棘突,另一端附着于C1横突,其下方为C2椎板,上方为头半棘肌,枕大神经此处浅出走形于头下斜肌和头半棘肌之间,此时稍旋转探头呈外上内下(下端对着C2棘突)斜行放置(探头与头下斜肌长轴走形平行),平面内由外向内进针到该筋膜层,注入3~4ml局麻药。
 
每点注射0.5%罗哌卡因3~4ml,钝头针刺测痛,病人诉左侧半边头皮麻木无痛觉。静脉诱导(丙泊酚100mg+瑞芬太尼1ug/kg)置入3号双管喉罩,控制呼吸,麻醉维持使用丙泊酚每小时5~9mg/kg、瑞芬太尼每分钟0.1~0.2μg/kg、右美托咪定0.6μg/kg负荷量10分钟后改为每小时0.1~0.2μg/kg。前额部植入针式电极行麻醉深度监测。固定系统进钉点行0.5%罗哌卡因浸润(每个点1~2ml)。
 
消毒铺巾,切皮前用0.25%罗哌卡因10~15ml行切口浸润。打开颅骨后,用含1%利多卡因和0.25%的罗哌卡因混合局麻药10ml湿润的纱布覆盖硬膜。剪开硬脑膜后,停止输注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,维持右美托咪定每小时0.1μg/kg输注,监测麻醉深度,唤醒患者,保留喉罩自主呼吸,进行安抚性交流。术者以电生理监护仪定位中央沟及描记运动皮层位置,超声造影显示肿瘤位置及血供,在清醒状态下全切肿瘤,在肿瘤切除过程中随时要求患者配合运动手脚。再次全麻,止血关颅,患者清醒拔除喉罩,10天后康复出院。
 
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    2019-04-09 swallow
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