病例分享:20岁肺癌患者的临终关怀怎么做?关于缓解疼痛,我们存在哪些理解误区?

2018-03-07 刘晶 呼吸界

这名患者为20岁男性,在校大学生,既往体健,因咳嗽、咳痰伴胸痛1个月、加重1周入院。

这名患者为20岁男性,在校大学生,既往体健,因咳嗽、咳痰伴胸痛1个月、加重1周入院。

1个月前,患者在无明显诱因的情况下出现咳嗽、咳痰,咳白色痰,伴有发热,最高达37.8℃,无寒战及畏寒,2017年7月6日行胸部CT(图1),示左肺下叶基底段实变影,给予抗感染治疗,未见明显好转。

1周前,以上症状加重,胸痛呈持续性。2017年7月23日复查胸部CT(图2),左肺下叶实变范围扩大,出现胸腔积液及心包积液。遂收入院。查体:胸廓对称,左下肺呼吸音减弱,叩诊呈浊音。



图1.胸部CT(2017-7-6)



图2.胸部CT(2017-7-23)

入院后,行支气管镜检查,镜下可见气管隆凸锐利,左主气道开口粘膜可见白色坏死物覆盖,左肺下叶基底开口黏膜肿胀,管腔狭窄,左下叶B8尤著。EBUS-GS超声可见左下叶B8呈异常回声,于B8行TBLB。病理提示:支气管粘膜下见有散在异型细胞,有坏死,分裂相易见,考虑为恶性肿瘤,间叶来源可能性大。

为明确分期,2017年7月29日行全身PET-CT检查,结果示:

1)左肺下叶伴糖代谢异常增高的肿块影,考虑为MT;全身多处(左侧颈内、双侧锁骨上、食管旁、纵膈、左侧内乳、双侧肺门、横隔、腹膜后腹主动脉旁及左侧髂总)淋巴结转移;左侧横隔转移;脾转移;全身多发骨转移;

2)左侧胸腔积液;心包积液。

故明确临床诊断:肺恶性肿瘤(肺间叶细胞癌)IV期。

考虑到患者为恶性肿瘤、全身多发转移,与肿瘤科沟通,难以放疗,必要时可以酌情给予维持性化学治疗。患者家属表示知情并了解,但拒绝进一步维持性化学治疗。

明确诊断后,家属要求暂不能告知患者本人肺部恶性肿瘤的情况。虽然患者具有对病情的知情权,但在中国国情条件下,一般家属的意见还是占有主导地位,所以当患者询问诊断时,我们不能明确给出答复。

而且,由于治疗初期对癌痛治疗不够系统,患者疼痛缓解不理想,致使患者对于医生的信任度降低、焦虑及烦躁情情绪加剧,要求转入上级医院。由于疼痛是肺癌晩期患者常见的症状,这给患者心理上带来极大的伤害,可使患者产生绝望情绪,明显降低其生活质量。

本病例即以疼痛为主要表现,而且逐渐加剧,严重影响患者的情绪,造成了巨大的心理压力。所以,我们将治疗的重点放在解决患者的癌痛上面。

癌痛控制的基本原则是以提高患者的生活质量为宗旨,采用综合治疗方法,遵循癌痛药物治疗的基本原则和要求,即采用疼痛药物治疗的「三阶梯」方法;按照「时钟」给药而不是按照必要时给药。

对于癌痛病人尤其是慢性持续性疼痛的病人,需要持续应用止痛药物,使血里面的药物浓度达到稳定才能达到控制疼痛的目的,更好的减轻痛苦,提高生活质量。

但是,目前大部分患者及家属,甚至很多临床医生也存在这样的理解误区:如果疼痛能忍住,这次就不用或少用药,或者等到患者疼痛明显时再给止痛药,以防止药物的副反应。

但实际上,遇到的情况常常是:这次少吃药了,下次为了止痛可能需要更多的药物,带来的副作用更多,最终结果就是药没少吃、罪没少受。

「按时给药,充分镇痛」是世界卫生组织(WHO)对于癌痛治疗一直推广的理念之一。所以针对本患者,我们加强了癌痛的规范治疗:

首先分析疼痛原因,患者以胸背痛为主,除了癌症本身引起的疼痛,还要注意骨转移及胸膜转移等情况。

结合患者PET-CT结果,考虑存在肋骨和胸骨转移,故给予了唑来膦酸对抗恶性肿瘤溶骨性骨转移引起的骨痛,同时参考癌痛药物治疗「三阶梯」方法选择抗癌痛的治疗方案。

癌痛药物治疗「三阶梯」方法是由世界卫生组织癌痛治疗专家委员会提出的关于科学治疗癌痛的指导原则,其基本内容是指在对患者躯体疼痛的性质和原因做出正确评估的基础上,根据患者疼痛的分级和原因,选择适当的止痛药物。

癌痛药物治疗「三阶梯」方法

第一阶梯:对于轻度疼痛的患者,应主要选用非阿片类止痛药类(主要是解热镇痛类)的止痛剂,并可配合使用辅助药物如地西泮(安定)等镇静药物。

第二阶梯:对于中度疼痛的患者,应主要选用弱阿片类药物如可待因,并可配合使用非阿片类药物如布洛芬等或地西泮等辅助药物。

第三阶梯:对于重度疼痛的患者,应进用强阿片类药物如吗啡,并可配合使用非阿片类药物如布洛芬等或辅助药物地西泮等。

由于该患者之前已经应用过多种非阿片类解热镇痛药,故我们选择从第二阶梯开始,先给予患者弱阿片类药物泰勒宁(氨酚羟考酮片)规律口服,同时考虑患者情绪焦虑,睡眠质量差,给予联合地西泮口服。患者疼痛得到有效控制,患者焦虑情绪有所缓解。

这时,我们再次与家属沟通是否需要将实际病情告知患者本人,因为患者还年轻,对于生命的最后阶段应该有自己的意愿和安排,家属考虑再三,同意将病情告知患者。

患者获知自己的诊断后,出现情绪波动,癌痛加重,夜间值班医生在患者的强烈要求下,临时给予杜冷丁治疗。

但我们应该注意,WHO已经不推荐杜冷丁用于癌痛的常规治疗,因为杜冷丁会在体内代谢成为去甲哌替啶,神经毒性较大,反复应用蓄积后会导致神经中毒症状,如震颤、抽搐、肌阵挛、癫痫发作,并且更容易上瘾。

我们治疗小组研究后,考虑患者癌痛短期内加剧,与其情绪波动有关,暂不适于升级,故在泰勒宁联合地西泮的基础上给予联合布洛芬,观察疗效,并加强与患者的沟通,进行心理安慰,及对家属的护理指导,患者逐渐接受了自己的病情。

经过详细咨询后,患者自己也拒绝维持性化学治疗,同意转入综合内科病房(包括临终关怀病房)。

给患者提供良好的临终关怀能大幅度减少患者痛苦,使其平静地接受死亡。临终关怀具体是指对生命即将结束(6个月或更少)的患者进行适当的医院或家庭的医疗及护理,提高患者的生活质量,并通过给予患者生理、心理和社会等各方面的照顾,使患者能在舒适的环境中有尊严地离开人世——这对患者、患者亲属及社会都有重要意义。

临终关怀八要素

1)减轻患者的肉体和精神症状,以减少痛苦;

2)采取患者自己希望的治疗手段,以维护患者的尊严;

3)避免不适当的、有创伤的治疗;

4)在患者还能与人交流时,给患者和家属提供充分的时间相聚;

5)给予患者尽可能好的生命质量;

6)将家属的医疗经济负担减少到最小程度;

7)所花医疗费用要告知患者;

8)给死者家庭提供治丧方面的帮助。

患者转入临终病房后,由于病情进展迅速,在1个月后患者癌痛加剧,故镇痛治疗升级为第三阶段,给予吗啡联合地西泮治疗。

3个月后,患者去世,家属在悲伤之余仍表示了对医护人员的感谢。

本病例特点是患者年轻、病情恶性度高、进展迅速、预计生存期短、癌痛明显、患者及家属情绪波动大。面对如此年轻的晚期肺癌患者,我们在遗憾之余,所能做的是尽力减轻患者的痛苦;在家属的配合下让患者知情,可以选择自己愿望的治疗方案并尽力帮助他度过自己的最后岁月。

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    2018-03-10 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-03-09 bbjsj_1984

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