Nature Ecology & Evolution:研究发现千年前四株菌导致中国今天结核病疫情

2018-11-14 孙国根 黄辛 科学网

复旦大学基础医学院高谦教授带领柳清云博士后,与中国疾病预防控制中心结核病控制中心赵雁林副主任以及美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校Caitlin S. Pepperell教授等合作,对中国31个省76个研究现场来源的4578株结核菌株进行基因分型和测序,并整合51个国家地区的15591株结核菌基因组数据进行遗传分析,发现造成中国今天结核病疫情病高负担的根源是千年前的4个“祖先菌株”,并非是近几十年人口数量


复旦大学基础医学院高谦教授带领柳清云博士后,与中国疾病预防控制中心结核病控制中心赵雁林副主任以及美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校Caitlin S. Pepperell教授等合作,对中国31个省76个研究现场来源的4578株结核菌株进行基因分型和测序,并整合51个国家地区的15591株结核菌基因组数据进行遗传分析,发现造成中国今天结核病疫情病高负担的根源是千年前的4个“祖先菌株”,并非是近几十年人口数量增长、城镇化比例增加和人群流动增加等因素所致,此“历史遗留”问题早在数百年前就已形成。相关研究成果近日在线发表于国际期刊《自然-生态学与进化》。

据悉,结核病是由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的传染病,感染人类至少有6000年的历史。目前结核病仍以每年1040万的新发病例位居全球传染病之首。全球的结核病负担并非均匀分布, 9%的国家(30个结核病高负担国家)承载了全球近87%的结核病负担。“这些国家的结核病高疫情是如何产生的?中国作为结核病第三高负担国家,历史上为什么从未有过明显的结核病爆发记载?结核病何时传播到中国?何时开始大规模流行?”一直是困扰医学界长期未解决的科学问题。

高谦团队研究发现,尽管中国流行的结核菌数量庞大,但99%的菌株都只是4个“祖先菌株”的后代。这4个祖先菌株在1000年前左右就传入中国,从12世纪开始大规模扩张,在18世纪末达到流行巅峰,并在上世纪中叶抗生素使用后发生群体缩减。该结果表明,中国的结核病高负担确是早在数百年前就已形成的“历史遗留”问题。这4个祖先菌株分别对应结核菌的L2.2、L4.5、L4.4和L4.2四个亚型。同时研究发现,这4个亚型均起源于中国南方(主要是广东、广西地区),其中,L4.5、L4.4和L4.2三个亚型很可能是通过宋朝时期的海上丝绸之路传入中国。这些亚型在中国扩张之后,又通过多种路径传播到世界各地,如L4.5亚型在14至17世纪通过陆上的丝绸之路经过新疆传播至欧洲,并在欧洲发生了新一轮的扩张。

研究人员进一步研究发现,不同结核菌亚型之间存在激烈竞争。由于不同亚型的结核菌在传播能力上可能存在差异,传播能力越强的菌株,在群体中所占的比例就会越高。约在16世纪初,L2.2亚型内部遗传分化产生了L2.3亚型;L2.3亚型菌株的传播能力比其他亚型高将近4倍,表现出“后来居上”的流行趋势,以至于中国现今60%的结核病都是该亚型菌株所致。该发现提示“控制优势菌株的传播”有助于降低结核病疫情。

研究还发现,结核菌群体表现出长期的遗传延续性。伴随全球化进程的人群流动,至少还有其他十多个结核菌亚型也曾传入中国,但这些“外来菌株”并没有在中国成功地流行起来(总占比小于1%),表明“外来菌株”在与“本土菌株”竞争中处于劣势地位。由于“本土菌株”的流行优势,中国的结核菌群体表现出长期的“遗传延续性”。通过基因分型区分出本土菌株与外来菌株,对于监测不同亚型菌株的流行趋势以及结核病的疫情防控尤其具有重要意义。

高谦表示,该研究首次系统全面地刻画了中国流行菌株的群体遗传结构以及不同亚型的流行比例,区分出本土菌株与外来菌株,对监测不同亚型菌株的流行趋势以及制定防疫策略、结核病的疫情防控具有重要意义。

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    2019-05-30 liye789132251
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    2019-04-23 yese
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    2018-11-14 医者仁心5538

    积极研究,早日攻克

    0

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