JEM:破解吸烟促进肺癌细胞钻入大脑之谜!科学家发现尼古丁能改变小胶质细胞特性,让大脑变得适合癌细胞生长

2020-07-17 奇点糕 奇点网

肺癌是发病率最高的癌症之一,而且容易发生转移,据统计,有10%-36%的肺癌患者都会发生脑转移,而且这个数字可能还是被低估了。

肺癌是发病率最高的癌症之一,而且容易发生转移,据统计,有10%-36%的肺癌患者都会发生脑转移,而且这个数字可能还是被低估了。

发生脑转移后,患者的中位生存期通常不超过6个,主要是因为脑部结构复杂且特殊,药物递送难,手术风险大,虽然新型放疗近年来被发现可以帮助控制脑转移灶,但效果还是不算很好,而且放疗同时还会杀死正常的神经细胞,对患者的生活造成影响。

因此,找到脑转移的原因并预防它,是很多研究人员努力的一个方向。

在最近的《实验医学杂志》上,维克森林大学浸信会医学中心研究人员的研究成果表明,吸烟是促进肺癌转移到脑的一个原因!

图片来自pexel.com

他们的实验发现,香烟烟雾中的尼古丁能够穿过血脑屏障到达大脑,促使大脑中的巨噬细胞——小胶质细胞改变表型,增加促生长因子和趋化因子的分泌,促进了转移灶的形成和发展。不但如此,尼古丁还会抑制小胶质细胞的吞噬能力,阻止它们去处理肿瘤细胞。

不过,研究人员鉴定出了一种从小白菊中提取的化合物小白菊内酯,可以阻止尼古丁改变小胶质细胞的表型,从而抑制脑转移。

吸烟已经被很多研究证明是肺癌发生的主要风险因素之一了,而之前的相关性研究发现,吸烟与肺癌脑转移的迅速发展有关。

这次,研究人员也对281名晚期肺癌患者脑转移与吸烟的关系做了分析,与没有吸烟习惯的和已经戒烟的患者相比,一直有吸烟习惯的患者脑转移的发生率明显更高,吸烟与更低的无脑转移进展生存率和总生存率有关。

A:不吸烟、戒烟和一直吸烟患者的脑转移发生率(黑)对比

B、C:吸烟者(红)和非吸烟者(蓝)无进展生存期和总生存期对比

在吸烟患者的脑转移灶中,小胶质细胞的数量显著增加,而且大多数都是M2型。鉴于几年前就有研究指出,小胶质细胞的活化和脑部肿瘤的进展有关,而且,香烟烟雾主要成分之一的尼古丁能够与烟碱型乙酰胆碱(nAch)受体结合,这个受体在小胶质细胞上也有广泛的表达。

因此研究人员猜测,吸烟的肺癌患者更容易发生脑转移说不定就是尼古丁和小胶质细胞的问题。

小胶质细胞激活后有两个类型,一个是经典型(M1),一个是替代型(M2)。M1型小胶质细胞能分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-1β等促炎因子,启动炎症反应,引起细胞凋亡,而M2型则主要分泌血管内皮生长因子和转化生长因子-β等,促进血管生成和炎症修复。正常情况下,两类小胶质细胞是保持动态平衡的。

但目前看来,尼古丁的存在似乎打破了它们的平衡。

研究人员发现,小胶质细胞表达高水平的nAch受体α4β2,这是大脑中尼古丁最敏感的受体。在两种肺癌小鼠模型中,研究人员给它们注射尼古丁,两种肺癌小鼠的脑转移发生率都明显增加,转移灶生长也更快,而同样是肺癌易发生的骨转移在实验中则没有明显差别。

对照组(左)和尼古丁组(右)小鼠脑转移和骨转移的情况

免疫组化分析表明,尼古丁组小鼠的转移灶中有高水平的被激活的小胶质细胞,而且大多是M2型,相比之下,M1型少了很多。研究人员给小鼠大脑注射了CSF1受体抑制剂PLX3397,它可以消除大约99%的大脑小胶质细胞,果然肺癌小鼠的脑转移被明显抑制,无脑转移生存期也显著延长。

测序结果发现,尼古丁增加了精氨酸酶1、精氨酸酶2和CD204基因的表达,以及JAK/STAT3信号通路的活性,这些都是小胶质细胞向M2型极化的特征。

极化后的M2型小胶质细胞诱导了脑转移的肿瘤细胞的SOX2和NANOG基因表达增加,这两个基因是干细胞中的重要基因,维持干细胞高自我更新能力和分化能力的“干性”。而且,M2增加了胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1)和趋化因子CCL20的分泌,一个促生长,一个促聚集,因此,过多的M2就导致了脑转移灶的快速形成。

不但如此,尼古丁还抑制了小胶质细胞的吞噬能力,同时增加了肿瘤细胞上CD47的表达。CD47是肿瘤细胞的“免死金牌”,它们通过模仿正常细胞表达CD47,向免疫细胞传递“不要吃我”的信号,伪装成正常细胞逃避免疫细胞的制裁。

所以说,尼古丁不但作用于小胶质细胞,抑制吞噬能力,让它们向促生长的表型方向激活,还作用于肿瘤细胞,帮助它们躲避免疫细胞。

基于这些结果,研究人员想,避免小胶质细胞向M2型极化,或许是阻断肺癌脑转移的潜在疗法。他们在天然化合物库中进行了筛选,从已知的103种可以穿过血脑屏障的化合物中找到了3种,可以以1μM的低浓度有效抑制尼古丁诱导的M2型小胶质细胞相关基因启动子的激活。其中抑制能力最强的就是小白菊内酯,启动子活性降低超过20倍。

小白菊内酯是从一种小白菊(Tanacetum parthenium)中提取出来的,在欧洲地区被用来治疗炎症和头痛。而且之前的研究也发现它能够调节JAK/STAT3信号通路的信号传导。

这次的实验也证实了,小白菊内酯抑制JAK/STAT3信号,减少了M2型小胶质细胞,并且恢复了小胶质细胞的吞噬能力,小鼠的无脑转移生存期有了成倍的提升!小鼠的体重没有受到影响,也没有检查到肝脏毒性。

小鼠对照组(绿)、尼古丁组(红)和尼古丁处理后小白菊内酯治疗组(黑)生存率变化

研究人员认为,这可能代表了一种新的治疗肺癌脑转移的治疗方法,尤其是对于吸烟的肺癌患者。最重要的是,它不像化疗药物,它可以穿过血脑屏障,且不具有高毒性。

研究的通讯作者Kounosuke Watabe博士表示,在不久的将来,他希望能和临床肿瘤学家合作,在临床试验中验证小白菊内酯抑制肺癌脑转移的效果。

原始出处:Wu S Y, Xing F, Sharma S, et al. Nicotine promotes brain metastasis by polarizing microglia and suppressing innate immune function[J]. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2020, 217(8).

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    2020-07-18 yxch36
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    2020-07-17 神盾医疗局局长Jack

    这篇写的好

    0

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    2020-07-17 lovetcm

    #吸烟#事出反常必有妖

    0