Molecular Cell:利用CRISPR进行癌症基因组筛选

2017-10-16 万纹 生物通

来自MIT电子工程、计算机科学和生物工程系多个学科的学者卢冠达(Timothy Lu)是一位跨界达人,曾被麻省理工的百年期刊《技术评论》评为世界青年科技创新家。近期其研究组利用修订版的CRISPR基因组编辑系统,开发出了一种新的方法,筛选针对特定疾病的基因。

来自MIT电子工程、计算机科学和生物工程系多个学科的学者卢冠达(Timothy Lu)是一位跨界达人,曾被麻省理工的百年期刊《技术评论》评为世界青年科技创新家。近期其研究组利用修订版的CRISPR基因组编辑系统,开发出了一种新的方法,筛选针对特定疾病的基因。



来自MIT电子工程、计算机科学和生物工程系多个学科的学者卢冠达(Timothy Lu)是一位跨界达人,曾被麻省理工的百年期刊《技术评论》评为世界青年科技创新家。他的学术背景很杂,学过电气工程、计算机科学、合成生物学和医学,同时掌握着计算机技术、遗传学技能和临床知识。

2010年,卢冠达博士受聘进入MIT医学院,他的研究团队利用CRISPR-Cas9成功靶标了那些让细菌耐受抗生素的基因,这让他看到了新的兴趣点。为此卢冠达博士研究组开始了这方面的研究,近期他们利用修订版的CRISPR基因组编辑系统,开发出了一种新的方法,筛选针对特定疾病的基因。

这一研究成果公布在10月5日的Molecular Cell杂志上。

CRISPR通常用于编辑或删除活细胞中的基因。然而,卢冠达博士的团队利用其随机打开或关闭大数量细胞群体的不同基因,从中寻找能保护机体免受与帕金森病相关的蛋白感染的保护基因。“这项研究提出的新技术为许多疾病寻求药物靶标提供了新的途径,其中包括,但不限于帕金森病”,卢冠达博士说。

“目前要寻找疾病基因,就是同时瞄准两个或三个基因,然后看结果如何,但是我们认为,找到解决这些疾病的基因实际上的范围要更广泛一些。”

打开或关闭基因 

CRISPR基因组编辑系统由称为Cas9的DNA切割酶,和针对基因组特定序列的短RNA引导链组成,后者的作用是告诉Cas9在哪里进行切割。科学家们可以利用这一过程,在活的动物基因组中进行靶向突变,删除基因或插入新的基因。

在这项最新的研究中,研究人员灭活了Cas9的切割能力,同时设计了新的能结合到靶位点上的蛋白,这些蛋白能召集转录因子(即转录基因所需的蛋白质)。
研究人员将这种Cas9与导向RNA链一起递送到单个细胞中,这样就可以靶向每个细胞中的遗传序列。每个导向RNA都可能击中单个基因或多个基因,这取决于具体的指导序列。从而研究人员能在整个基因组中筛选影响细胞存活的基因。

“我们采取的是一种完全无偏向的方法,并没有靶向某个感兴趣的个别基因,我们在细胞内随机表达指导序列。使用这种方法,我们可以筛选出在神经退行性疾病模型中具有非常强的保护性的导向RNA”,卢冠达博士说。



具体来说,研究人员准备了遗传工程的酵母细胞,这些细胞会过量表达一种与帕金森病相关的蛋白质:α-突触核蛋白。研究表明α-突触核蛋白会在帕金森病患者大脑中形成团块,这也会对酵母细胞产生毒性。

通过筛选,研究人员确定了一种非常有效的导向RNA链,能比之前发现的任何基因都能更有效的保护这种酵母细胞。

进一步的遗传筛选也显示,这种导向RNA链开启的许多基因都能表达伴侣蛋白,也就是帮助其他蛋白质折叠成正确形状的蛋白。研究人员认为这些伴侣蛋白可能有助于α突触核蛋白的正确折叠,从而防止其形成团块。

导向RNA激活的其它基因,比如编码线粒体蛋白的,能帮助细胞调节能量代谢,并且运送参与包装和运输其他蛋白的蛋白质。研究人员目前正在进一步分析导向RNA是否可以单独打开这些基因,或者是否可以激活一个或多个调节基因(继而打开其它基因)。

保护效应 

研究人员在酵母中鉴定出这些基因之后,他们就在人类培养神经元中进行了检测,这些神经元也会过度报道α-突触核蛋白。卢博士表示,这些人类基因也可以防止α-突触核蛋白诱导的死亡,这表明它们可以作为帕金森病的基因治疗方法。

目前卢博士实验室正在使用这种方法筛选与其他疾病相关的基因,研究人员已经确定了一些似乎可以防止衰老现象的基因。
 
原始出处:

Chen YC1, Farzadfard F2, Gharaei N,et al.Randomized CRISPR-Cas Transcriptional Perturbation Screening Reveals Protective Genes against Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity.Mol Cell. 2017 Oct 5;68(1):247-257.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.014.

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    2017-11-17 维他命
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    2017-10-18 yuandd
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    2017-10-17 明天会更好!

    不错的文章值得一读.

    0

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