Nat Med:华人发现全反式维甲酸作用靶点

2015-04-15 Zhang JL译 MedSci原创

癌症靶向治疗是通过阻断一个致瘤的途径来阻止肿瘤的生长。但因为恶性肿瘤有独特的激活替代途径的能力,他们往往能够逃避这些疗法,并且获得再生。此外,肿瘤中包含一小部分肿瘤干细胞,后者被认为是肿瘤起始、转移和产生耐药性的根源。因此,消除癌症干细胞可能是实现长效缓解的关键,但目前并没有专门攻击癌症干细胞的药物。如今,由Beth Israel Deaconess医疗中心(BIDMC)癌症研究所领导的一个研

癌症靶向治疗是通过阻断一个致瘤的途径来阻止肿瘤的生长。但因为恶性肿瘤有独特的激活替代途径的能力,他们往往能够逃避这些疗法,并且获得再生。此外,肿瘤中包含一小部分肿瘤干细胞,后者被认为是肿瘤起始、转移和产生耐药性的根源。因此,消除癌症干细胞可能是实现长效缓解的关键,但目前并没有专门攻击癌症干细胞的药物。

如今,由Beth Israel Deaconess医疗中心(BIDMC)癌症研究所领导的一个研究小组发现Pin1酶的抑制剂,可以应对急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)和三阴性乳腺癌这两个肿瘤的治疗挑战。

他们惊人地发现,用于治疗急性骨髓性白血病的维生素A衍生物ATRA(全反式维甲酸),可以阻断多个癌症相关通路,并同时通过降解Pin1酶减少肿瘤干细胞。这一新发现揭示了一个有希望对抗癌症的新方法,特别是对于侵略性或耐药的癌症。这项研究结果发表在最新一期Nature Medicine杂志上。

“Pin1通过脯氨酸磷酸化来改变蛋白质的形状,这是的疾病控制的一个主要机制,”该酶的发现者、BIDMC肿瘤研究所转化医学部带头人、哈佛医学部教授Kun Ping Lu博士说,“Pin1是一种常见于许多类型癌症的关键调节器,可以控制50多个癌基因和抑癌基因,而其中许多是已知与癌症干细胞控制相关的基因。”

直到现在,Pin1抑制剂的开发主要是通过合理药物设计。虽然这些抑制剂已经被证明在试管中能够明显抑制Pin1,然而它们在体内、体外细胞模型或活动物中所进行的测试,则无法有效地进入细胞并成功地抑制Pin1的功能。

在这个新的工作,文章的另一位作者、BIDMC转化疗法研究员和哈佛医学院助理教授Xiao Zhen Zhou博士决定采取一种不同的方法来寻找Pin1抑制剂。她开发了一个基于高通量筛选的系统来寻找能够针对Pin1活性的化合物。

“在过去我们已经确定了Pin1底物的拟肽抑制剂,”Zhou解释说,“因此,我们使用这些探针通过竞争结合试验筛选约8200化合物,包括已经获批的药物和其他已知的生物活性化合物。”为了增加筛选成功的几率,Zhou选择了一个特异性与Pin1酶活性部位紧密结合的探针,这种方法并不常用于这种筛选。

“最初,似乎筛查结果中并没有阳性结果,所以我们必须通过人工筛选去寻找能够与Pin1结合的一个。我们最终发现了独联体视黄酸,一个化学分子式与全反式维甲酸(ATRA)一样但化学结构不同的化合物。”Zhou解释说,事实证明Pin1更倾向于结合ATRA,而独联体视黄酸需要转换ATRA来与Pin1结合。

“虽然之前已经表明,ATRA能够降低急淋融合致癌基因PML-RAR并抑制白血病干细胞,但深入机制仍然是难以捉摸的”Lu说,“我们新的高通量药物筛选发现了ATRA药物靶标,并出人意料地发现ATRA能够在肿瘤细胞中与Pin1直接结合,抑制并最终降解Pin1的活性。 Pin1-ATRA复合体表明,ATRA通过模拟Pin1活性部位不可释放的酶底物与Pin1结合。重要的是,ATRA诱导的Pin1消融促进融合基因PML-RAR降解并且在细胞和动物模型以及在人类患者中治疗APL。

“当两个抑癌基因融合在一起成为一个致癌基因,APL将进展,”合著者Pier Paolo Pandolfi博士说,“这些新的发现表明通过抑制Pin1可以降低这种致癌基因融合,从而阻止肿瘤干细胞复制。这是一个至关重要的发现,将会影响其他癌症的治疗,因为抑制Pin1也影响其他关键的癌基因。”

与此同时,研究人员还测试了ATRA在乳腺癌中侵袭性最高的三阴性乳腺癌中的治疗作用。他们发现ATRA诱导的Pin1失活也强有力地抑制三阴性乳腺癌在人类细胞和动物模型中的生长,同时关闭许多癌基因和激活许多抑癌基因。

“目前ATRA在人体中的半衰期只有短短45分钟,”Lu说,“我们认为一个更强有力的Pin1抑制剂能够靶向很多的‘梦想基因’,而这些基因目前都是无药可治的。ATRA耐受性良好并且副作用最小,能够在众多肿瘤形成以及肿瘤干细胞通路中靶向Pin1依赖的常见致瘤机制。这对于侵袭性或治疗耐药的肿瘤尤为关键。”

原始出处:


Shuo Wei, Shingo Kozono, Lev Kats, Morris Nechama, Wenzong Li, Jlenia Guarnerio, Manli Luo, Mi-Hyeon You, Yandan Yao, Asami Kondo, Hai Hu, Gunes Bozkurt, Nathan J Moerke, Shugeng Cao, Markus Reschke, Chun-Hau Chen, Eduardo M Rego, Francesco Lo-Coco, Lewis C Cantley, Tae Ho Lee, Hao Wu, Yan Zhang, Pier Paolo Pandolfi, Xiao Zhen Zhou, Kun Ping Lu.  Active Pin1 is a key target of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and breast cancer. Nature Medicine, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/nm.3839

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