高原地区不完全气管膜性闭锁紧急超声引导下经皮气管穿刺置管一例

2019-02-22 光文辉 白延仓 刘德生 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,39岁,2015年5月14曰以“声嘶、间断性呼吸困难1月,加重并憋气、呼吸急促2h”为诉入院。患者半年前因脑外伤在我院住院治疗,期间行气管插管,带管5d,22d后康复出院。1个月前感冒后出现声音嘶哑、间断性咳嗽,咯白色清痰,轻微呼吸困难及喘鸣,一周前在当地医院诊治,声嘶及呼吸困难无明显缓解。入院前2d突然出现憋气、呼吸急促来我院急诊科就诊,耳鼻喉科急会诊行电子喉镜检查,声门下可见不完全膜

患者,男,39岁,2015年5月14曰以“声嘶、间断性呼吸困难1月,加重并憋气、呼吸急促2h”为诉入院。患者半年前因脑外伤在我院住院治疗,期间行气管插管,带管5d,22d后康复出院。1个月前感冒后出现声音嘶哑、间断性咳嗽,咯白色清痰,轻微呼吸困难及喘鸣,一周前在当地医院诊治,声嘶及呼吸困难无明显缓解。入院前2d突然出现憋气、呼吸急促来我院急诊科就诊,耳鼻喉科急会诊行电子喉镜检查,声门下可见不完全膜性闭锁,孔径约为0.3 cm,急请麻醉科会诊。
 
检查示:患者神志清、精神差、端坐呼吸、呼吸急促伴有喘鸣音、全身大汗淋漓,鼻导管吸氧,HR151次/分,BP147/95mmHg,RR42次/分,SpO2 82%,血气分析pH7.11,PO2 49mmHg,PCO2 98mmHg,HCO3 24.6,Lac187,SpO2 85%,用7~13MHz高频线阵超声探头紧急快速评估气道,同时做气管穿刺准备,通过超声在水平面、矢状面扫描发现气管居中,距环甲膜1.5 cm第1~2气管软骨环处有高亮阴影,怀疑为膜性闭锁,宽约1 cm、长约12 cm、厚度未测出,第三气管软骨环以下气管前方未发现有血管及甲状腺组织,颈段食道位于气管左侧,决定使用经皮气管穿刺造口置管术。
 
患者因无法平卧,故取半卧位面罩吸氧,充分暴露颈部,颈前皮肤常规消毒铺巾,以2%利多卡因行局部浸润麻醉,于气管3~4软骨环间皮肤做一约1.5~2 cm横行切口,左手固定穿刺点处切开皮肤,右手持含2ml生理盐水的5ml注射器,向锁骨上窝方向与气管呈45°角进针,感觉有落空感后回抽见大量气泡以证实套管针在气管内,沿套管置入导引钢丝10 cm后退出外套管保留导丝,助手使用超声判断导丝在气管内,用导引扩张器沿钢丝扩张软组织至气管内,使用气管扩张钳将造管口轻柔扩张2次,随后退出导引扩张钳,并经导引钢丝沿气管扩张钳弧度将气管导管轻柔置入气管,同时助手超声扫描确定导管在气管内,拔出导管内栓及导引钢丝,连接吸氧管,并妥善固定。监护仪显示HR97次/分,BP110/68mmHg,SpO2 96%,随后转入耳鼻喉科建议手术治疗,因患者要求去外地治疗,后期治疗情况不详。
 
讨论
 
超声技术的发展,如高分辨率便携式超声仪的问世及探头的改进,使得超声技术在麻醉中的运用越来越广泛,涉及检查、诊断、定位及引导等各方面,特别在急诊的情况下,尤其在外出抢救又没有其他可用设备时,便携超声显现出了更大优势。经皮造口气管穿刺置管术,是一种快速气管切开技术,现已成熟应用于麻醉及急救复苏领域,具有手术步骤简单、快速开放气道等特点。但气管造口术当体表标志很难触及时,准确定位气管很难。不管是为外科手术还是经皮扩张气管造口术。
 
超声引导经皮扩张气管造口术能实时定位气管,同时实时监测气管前壁和气管前的组织包括气管、血管、神经及肺,选择最佳气管环来放置气管导管。气管导管定位肥胖、短颈、颈部手术前,颈部包块和任何胸部病理引起的气管偏离时,气管导管快速定位是非常困难的。在这种环境下,胸片和穿刺都来不及。在小儿或气管狭窄的特殊手术患者选择气管导管型号时,超声可预测气管插管、支气管插管或气管造口插管的导管直径,超声能测量声门上气道的直径,表明和MRI金标准有很好的相关性。操作前超声检查并选取穿刺针入路或切开部位,避开大血管、神经等重要组织,评估皮肤到管腔中央的距离,防治穿破后壁造成气管食管瘘。
 
传统胸片和针刺抽吸法的气管定位效果有时并不理想,而超声扫描检查不仅使得医师能够快速定位气管,还能指导气管切开过程。环状软骨膜定位中环状软骨膜在气道处理中起到很重要的作用,用传统体表标志识别准确率是30%。超声检查能快速可靠地识别环状软骨膜,对于紧急环状软骨膜穿刺术,不能通过触诊确认气管位置的患者,在抢救室的研究中,通过纵向矢状中线扫描环状软骨膜,滑动探头来确定双侧环状软骨膜的外侧缘。超声下可以评估气道的肿物、狭窄等病变情况,了解这些病变与气道的关系,还可以观察气管前方或口腔内软组织的情况。
 
超声评估病理状态,利用超声可以观察到声门下血管瘤、喉狭窄、喉囊肿和呼吸道乳头状瘤。超声可迅速判断插管后导管是否在气管内。有经验的操作者确定气管内导管的放置位置和听诊一样快,甚至比听诊联合C〇2图这种标准方法还快。虽然超声在气道评估方面有诸多优势,但超声的应用效果易受医师临床技能水平影响,需要医师具有一定的相关技能和经验来指导操作。
 
本例患者使用超声确定狭窄部位、气管环穿刺造口点、穿刺深度及穿刺点周围组织如甲状腺、血管、神经、食道等,使得穿刺点安全可靠后进行造口操作,置入导丝、导管后利用超声快速确定导丝、导管在气管内,达到快速精准解决危急气道狭窄,值得临床推广应用。
 
原始出处:

光文辉,白延仓,刘德生,王云.高原地区不完全气管膜性闭锁紧急超声引导下经皮气管穿刺置管一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(01):102.

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813462, encodeId=c862181346275, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ba692e7473' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声引#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92774, encryptionId=0ba692e7473, topicName=超声引)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb182500058, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061711, createdTime=Fri Oct 11 19:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1769811, encodeId=77641e69811bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b3fc92e7516' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声引导#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92775, encryptionId=b3fc92e7516, topicName=超声引导)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d66e38113145, createdName=guoyibin, createdTime=Sun Dec 22 02:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1810661, encodeId=c46b181066179, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be488583245' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#膜性闭锁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85832, encryptionId=be488583245, topicName=膜性闭锁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=af60254, createdName=mhm289, createdTime=Thu Sep 05 05:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311938, encodeId=d4ed1311938c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21a6e54280e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75428, encryptionId=21a6e54280e, topicName=穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1523250, encodeId=5f04152325039, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a1de7006b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#紧急#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77006, encryptionId=1a1de7006b0, topicName=紧急)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b88211514540, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1574862, encodeId=ae6715e486238, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d6210228935' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高原#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102289, encryptionId=6d6210228935, topicName=高原)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=687116029883, createdName=jmtang, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-24 rgjl
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813462, encodeId=c862181346275, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ba692e7473' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声引#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92774, encryptionId=0ba692e7473, topicName=超声引)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb182500058, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061711, createdTime=Fri Oct 11 19:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1769811, encodeId=77641e69811bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b3fc92e7516' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声引导#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92775, encryptionId=b3fc92e7516, topicName=超声引导)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d66e38113145, createdName=guoyibin, createdTime=Sun Dec 22 02:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1810661, encodeId=c46b181066179, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be488583245' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#膜性闭锁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85832, encryptionId=be488583245, topicName=膜性闭锁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=af60254, createdName=mhm289, createdTime=Thu Sep 05 05:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311938, encodeId=d4ed1311938c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21a6e54280e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75428, encryptionId=21a6e54280e, topicName=穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1523250, encodeId=5f04152325039, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a1de7006b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#紧急#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77006, encryptionId=1a1de7006b0, topicName=紧急)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b88211514540, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1574862, encodeId=ae6715e486238, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d6210228935' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高原#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102289, encryptionId=6d6210228935, topicName=高原)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=687116029883, createdName=jmtang, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813462, encodeId=c862181346275, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ba692e7473' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声引#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92774, encryptionId=0ba692e7473, topicName=超声引)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb182500058, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061711, createdTime=Fri Oct 11 19:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1769811, encodeId=77641e69811bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b3fc92e7516' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声引导#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92775, encryptionId=b3fc92e7516, topicName=超声引导)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d66e38113145, createdName=guoyibin, createdTime=Sun Dec 22 02:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1810661, encodeId=c46b181066179, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be488583245' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#膜性闭锁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85832, encryptionId=be488583245, topicName=膜性闭锁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=af60254, createdName=mhm289, createdTime=Thu Sep 05 05:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311938, encodeId=d4ed1311938c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21a6e54280e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75428, encryptionId=21a6e54280e, topicName=穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1523250, encodeId=5f04152325039, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a1de7006b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#紧急#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77006, encryptionId=1a1de7006b0, topicName=紧急)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b88211514540, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1574862, encodeId=ae6715e486238, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d6210228935' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高原#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102289, encryptionId=6d6210228935, topicName=高原)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=687116029883, createdName=jmtang, createdTime=Sun Feb 24 07:54:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-24 jmtang