Nat Biotech:中国学者开发出替代CAS9的新型基因编辑技术,诺奖级别

2016-05-08 丁广进 丁广进博客

5月2日,Nature系列顶级刊物Nature Biotechnology在线发表了来自河北科技大学生物科学与工程学院青年教师韩春雨副教授题为“DNA-guided genome editing using the Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute”的重大原创性成果。这项全新的基因编辑技术对CAS9技术提出重要的挑战,它几乎规避了CAS

5月2日,Nature系列顶级刊物Nature Biotechnology在线发表了来自河北科技大学生物科学与工程学院青年教师韩春雨副教授题为“DNA-guided genome editing using the Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute”的重大原创性成果。

这项全新的基因编辑技术对CAS9技术提出重要的挑战,它几乎规避了CAS9天然的弱点---脱靶效应。也提示这项技术未来可能具有广阔的应用前景。同时,研究作者韩春雨副教授在国内是籍籍无名的一位学者,在艰苦的实验室条件下开展本项工作。


Nature Biotechnology文章截图

该研究成果找到了对基因组位点编辑范围更广的基因编辑工具。该工具完全不同于以RNA为向导的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术:这种从古细菌来源的Argonaute(简称NgAgo),利用短链DNA作向导,真正实现了对基因组的任意位置进行切割,将基因编辑的可能性推入了更广泛的境地。该项技术具有以下明确优势:

1. 向导设计制作简便:可以像合成PCR引物一样合成短链单链DNA向导;向导可直接转染细胞和组织而无需构建向导表达载体。2. 可编辑基因组内任何位置:Cas9基因组的靶点选择受到PAM区和富含GC区的限制。而NgAgo对靶点选择没有限制,对基因组任何位置都能有效引入双链断裂。3,由于向导核酸是DNA而非RNA,因此避免了RNA易于形成复杂的二级结构而带来的失效或者脱靶效应。4,对游离于细胞核的DNA具有更高的切割效率。

与Cas9技术相比,Cas9需要19个配对的碱基,并且要求在需要编辑的基因组上这19个碱基后面必须紧邻一个符合一定特征的三碱基序列(PAM序列),这在一定程度上限制了gRNA的设计,而NgAgo–gDNA系统不需要PAM序列,拓宽了其设计范围。因此,从理论上讲,Cas9技术存在极限。


但是,NgAgo结合24个碱基的gDNA,这比Cas9的gRNA(19个碱基)要长5个碱基,理论上其精确性要提高1024(4的5次方)倍。DNA编辑相当于在一本书中的某个位置找到一个短单词将它替换成另一个长单词,这样就不容易出现误替换现象。举个例子,如果替换一篇文章中的the这样的简单单词,很容易把含有the三个字母的单词误替换了,如they,但是如果找一个更长的单词,如pneumonoultramicroscopy,就不容易出现误替换现象。


不仅如此,NgAgo–gDNA系统对向导序列-靶序列错配容忍度很低。gDNA上任何一个碱基的变换都会降低NgAgo的切割效率,如有三个错配则使其完全失活。这在另外一个机制上提高了NgAgo使用的精确性,特别是一些富含GC序列的地方,NgAgo系统比Cas9系统效率更高。NgAgo的gDNA需要5’端磷酸化的单链DNA (5p-ssDNA),这种形式的DNA在哺乳动物细胞中几乎不存在,这保证了NgAgo不会被内源的DNA序列错误带到不该去的地方。该系统的另外一个优点是5p-ssDNA是外源转化进细胞的,其时间和浓度可以非常精确地控制。而Cas9系统的gRNA是内源表达的质粒,难以精确地控制。

该成果是我国首个“中国创造”的尖端生物技术,打破了外国基因编辑技术的专利垄断,研究水平可比肩国际一流大学同领域,如加州大学伯克利分校的Jennifer A. Doudn和麻省理工的ZhangFeng教授的工作。该技术可用于微生物、植物和动物的精准基因改造,以及乙肝、艾滋病或者一些遗传性疾病的“基因治疗”,在人类血液、器官的编辑和再造等方面具有重要意义,在医药,农业,畜牧等产业领域具有重要应用价值。

由上述报道可知,该项技术相较于CAS9技术,的确有更大的优势,特别是规避了令人头痛的脱靶效应,其应用前景是不言而喻的。

该项技术特征

RNA 导向的核酸内切酶Cas9使得基因编辑成为了一种广泛应用的技术。然而,尽管科学家们已尝试多种方式对Cas9系统进行优化以提高它的效率和特异性,但该系统的实用性依然受到了一些因素的限制,包括其对导向-靶向(guide–target)错配的耐受性以及导向RNA相对容易形成二级结构等。

类似于Cas9,来自Argonaute蛋白家族的内切酶也可以利用寡核苷酸作为引导,降解侵入性的基因组。Argonautes在基因表达抑制以及抵御外来核酸方面起着关键的作用。4月12日,发表在PNAS上的一项研究中,加州大学伯克利分校的研究人员揭示了一种Argonaute非典型的导向RNA特异性,论文的通讯作者是CRISPR先驱之一的Jennifer A. Doudna。

5月2日,最新发表在Nature Biotechnology上的一项研究中,河北科技大学以及浙江大学医学院的研究人员报告称,Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute(NgAgo)是一种DNA导向的可用于人类细胞基因编辑的核酸内切酶。NgAgo可结合约24个核苷酸大小的5′磷酸化单链导向 DNA(guide DNA ,gDNA),有效形成位点特异的DNA双链缺口。

据悉,CRISPR/Cas9的靶向特异性 是由两部分决定的,一部分是RNA嵌合体和靶DNA之间的碱基配对,另一部分是Cas9蛋白和一个短DNA基序(DNA motif)的结合,这个短DNA基序通常在靶DNA的3'末端发现,被称为前间区序列邻近基序(protospacer adjacent motif,PAM)[文献]。

与Cas9不同,NgAgo–gDNA系统不需要PAM,初步鉴定表明,该系统对导向-靶向(guide–target)错配耐受低,且对编辑富含G+C的基因组更加有效。据介绍,Cas9只存在于原核生物中,而Argonautes几乎存在于所有的有机体中。

此外,要想与Cas9正确绑定,导向RNA必须有3′RNA-RNA杂化结构,而与Argonaute绑定不需要导向分子有任何特定的二级结构。另一方面,Cas9只能切割PAM上游的序列,而Argonaute不需要靶标有特定的序列。作者们表示,Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute有望成为编辑哺乳动物基因组的精准有效的工具。

该技术的优势:

  1. DNA 比RNA更稳定,更易操作。操做过RNA的都知道。

  2. 削减了gRNA并非用于matching的冗余部分,精简了Primer,取消了PAM的限制,以及5' hairpin stemloop,而且直接用单链DNA。这些特质都完胜Crispr/Cas9

可惜的是本文中出现的:The authors declare no competing financial interests. 应该是韩教授忙着发文章,没有先申请专利,或专利申请滞后了。基因组改造领域看来又要掀起一场腥风血雨了。

研究发表后,中外专家对这项技术极为有兴趣,并进行了大量的评论

1、这个牛大发了,取消了PAM的限制,以及5'hairpin stemloop,而且直接用单链DNA。这些特质都完败crispr/cas9,效率看数据它们俩差不多。如果能够得到crispr/cas9在美帝相应的资源投入,对这个自然系统进行工程优化,有希望把crispr/cas9比下去。后发优势啊!doudna(甜圈),church(教堂),zhang看到这个工作估计特妈脸都绿了。忙活了半天被无名之辈超越了,脸往哪搁哦。

2、14年这篇文章说TtAgo只能在 >65度的时候起作用,韩的文章是15年6月提交的,而且韩的文章的好多assay都是参考14年的nature的,这速度够快了啊!估计其他实验室也有人在做,但是没这么快?这片文章发现的蛋白质只针对ssDNA和超螺旋的质粒DNA,所以不可与河北这个组发现的蛋白同日而语。但是有可能前者给后者启发了灵感。读到14年的文章之后,大家玩命的去试那个蛋白的同源蛋白,运气好的人就试出来了。而CRISPR/Cas9的那帮大佬们太自信,看不上这些野路子,一如既往的在cas9系统上砸资源进行优化,最后傻X了:无名之辈竟然找到了天生丽质、不加雕琢就把Cas9比下去的系统。基因编辑白菜价了!

原始出处:

Gao F, Shen XZ, Jiang F, Wu Y, Han C. DNA-guided genome editing using the Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute. Nat Biotechnol. 2016 May 2. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3547

韩春雨副教授发表的论文:

1 Gao F, Shen XZ, Jiang F, Wu Y, Han C. DNA-guided genome editing using the Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute. Nat Biotechnol. 2016 May 2. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3547

2 Human Bex2 interacts with LMO2 andregulates the transcriptional activity of a novel DNA-binding complex. Chunyu Han, Hao Liu, Kang Yin, Yi Xie, Xiao Shen, Yong Wang,Jiangang Yuan, BoqingQiang, Yong-Jian Liu*and Xiaozhong Peng* Nucleic Acids Research, 2005

3 GA signaling and CO/FT regulatory modulemediate salt-induced late flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Kexue Li, YouningWang,Chunyu Han,Wensheng Zhang, Huizhen Jia, Xia Li  Plant Growth Regul. 2007

4 Arabidopsis EIN2 modulates stressresponse through abscisic acid response pathway.Wang Y, Liu C, Li K, Sun F, HuH, Li X, Zhao Y, Han C, Zhang W, Duan Y, Liu M, Li X.Plant Mol Biol. 2007

5 Salt-induced plasticity of root hairdevelopment is caused by ion disequilibrium in Arabidopsis thaliana.Wang Y,Zhang W, Li K, Sun F, Han C, Wang Y, Li X. J Plant Res. 2008 

6 2012 34 6 遗传 封面 BEX2与INI1/hSNF5蛋白的相互作用及对S期细胞的影响 韩秋悦 范彦会 王雅丽 张少丹 韩春雨(我校产权)

7 HeLa细胞中INI1通过与E2A作用下调CD117 ,中国生物工程杂志2011年第11,范彦会;韩秋悦;王雅丽;韩春雨

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2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624769, encodeId=f3df1624e69f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1630131, encodeId=704a16301314a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d81a4186e3f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑技术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41867, encryptionId=d81a4186e3f, topicName=基因编辑技术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a10c21466636, createdName=marlenexl, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-20 shock_melon
  3. 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createdName=shock_melon, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 00:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881028, encodeId=eca518810282c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Apr 12 18:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1927630, encodeId=5610192e63009, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a59234e3b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biotech#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3473, 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createdTime=Tue May 10 13:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85220, encodeId=7b6e85220e9, content=向大神致敬, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b73c1706459, createdName=1de92651m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 10 08:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462278, encodeId=192f14622e8b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624769, encodeId=f3df1624e69f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1630131, encodeId=704a16301314a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d81a4186e3f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑技术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41867, encryptionId=d81a4186e3f, topicName=基因编辑技术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a10c21466636, createdName=marlenexl, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-12 liye789132251
  4. 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    2016-11-16 cathymary
  5. 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    2016-05-12 QQ6709219e

    给力,向大神致敬

    0

  6. 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createdTime=Tue May 10 13:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85220, encodeId=7b6e85220e9, content=向大神致敬, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b73c1706459, createdName=1de92651m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 10 08:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462278, encodeId=192f14622e8b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624769, encodeId=f3df1624e69f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1630131, encodeId=704a16301314a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d81a4186e3f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑技术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41867, encryptionId=d81a4186e3f, topicName=基因编辑技术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a10c21466636, createdName=marlenexl, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-10 QQ2a007384

    有没有懂行的评论一下

    0

  7. 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createdTime=Tue May 10 13:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85220, encodeId=7b6e85220e9, content=向大神致敬, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b73c1706459, createdName=1de92651m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 10 08:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462278, encodeId=192f14622e8b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624769, encodeId=f3df1624e69f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1630131, encodeId=704a16301314a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d81a4186e3f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑技术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41867, encryptionId=d81a4186e3f, topicName=基因编辑技术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a10c21466636, createdName=marlenexl, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-10 1de92651m76(暂无匿称)

    向大神致敬

    0

  8. 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  9. 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2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624769, encodeId=f3df1624e69f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1630131, encodeId=704a16301314a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d81a4186e3f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑技术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41867, encryptionId=d81a4186e3f, topicName=基因编辑技术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a10c21466636, createdName=marlenexl, createdTime=Tue May 10 05:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-10 yaanren
  10. 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