上海交大医学院附属仁济医院发现青少年游戏成瘾机制

2018-12-08 叶佳琪 黄辛 科学网

网络游戏自诞生以来,给人们休闲生活带来了很多乐趣,但也导致越来越多的个体沉迷其中,甚至关于过度游戏造成的死亡也不罕见。网络游戏成瘾引发的个体及社会问题日益引起医学界、心理学界、教育界等社会大众的广泛关注

网络游戏自诞生以来,给人们休闲生活带来了很多乐趣,但也导致越来越多的个体沉迷其中,甚至关于过度游戏造成的死亡也不罕见。网络游戏成瘾引发的个体及社会问题日益引起医学界、心理学界、教育界等社会大众的广泛关注。

上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院放射科主任医师周滟团队在一项猜牌任务脑功能研究中发现,网络游戏成瘾青少年的大脑对奖励的敏感性增高,而对惩罚的敏感性降低,导致他们为了获得即时奖励而忽视长期的严重负面结果。相关最新成果近日在芝加哥召开的北美放射年会做了大会报告。

周滟打了个比方,在我们的大脑里,存在着一个随时随地想要犒赏自己的勤奋的小人儿,他最爱的事情就是促进多巴胺的分泌,多巴胺越多,他越兴奋,大脑里亢奋的信号因此迅速传递和蔓延,多巴胺是我们兴奋和欢愉的情绪源泉,多巴胺的分泌有着自己的一套精密设计过的原则,这套原则对我们起着正向诱导作用,促使我们去学习、去进步、去适应环境。这些行为称为强化学习,及大脑奖赏机制,是人类学习和适应世界的一种基本方式。

然而生活中作弊现象屡见不鲜,大脑中多巴胺的分泌也同样如此,当勤奋的小人儿不再愿意忍受由正常途径产生多巴胺,而是通过作弊的方式绕过原本精密设计好的强化学习这条路径,而通过自我刺激的方式产生多巴胺,勤奋的小人会变成贪婪的小人,这时我们的大脑就可以说是成瘾了。那贪婪的小人如何作弊呢?比如说,嗑药、酗酒、赌博,以及打游戏。

沉溺毒品或者酒精时,摄入的化学物质会直接刺激大脑的多巴胺分泌,使得正常的强化学习的机制减弱,人们会变得消极、不思进取。而赌博和网络游戏成瘾没有具体物质的摄入,他们通过一种外在的行为模式引发脑内“异样”奖赏系统的启动,同样获得多巴胺加速分泌的体验,在这种“异样”奖赏系统的刺激下,孩子会无视不良后果,长时间地沉溺于网络游戏,意志力下降,即放弃眼前利益争取长远利益的决心会减弱。

那么网络游戏成瘾是如何操控大脑中的奖赏系统的呢?研究人员发现,在正常的游戏玩家的大脑中,以前额叶皮层为核心的认知控制回路可以制止成瘾行为的形成,像监考老师一样,发现作弊情况立即取缔。但是一旦控制回路的结构或功能受到了损伤,就像监考老师离开了考场,各种作弊的手段便可以趁虚而入,成瘾就变得轻而易举。

在沃尔科夫(Volkow)早前提出的“额叶-纹状体环路”的基础上,周滟团队联合运用静息态和动态功能连接技术发现网络游戏成瘾青少年额叶-纹状体子环路存在静息态及动态功能连接地异常,从神经影像层面揭示了网络成瘾的形成机制。

研究团队进一步解释了男孩更容易发生网瘾的神经机制。周滟等在对上海的孩子们进行研究中发现,男孩的静息态脑功能中发现,左侧额上回眶部的功能异常可能导致他们行为冲动性增加,以至于行为抑制上比较差。与此同时,男孩的脑功能普遍比女孩子成熟得晚。这也是为什么我们在生活中会感觉到,相比女孩,男孩更容易对游戏依赖。

同时,该团队联合上海精神卫生中心杜亚松教授团队,对一组网络游戏成瘾青少年进行了团体认知行为干预治疗(CBT)。CBT采用团体治疗形式,治疗时间为期12周,每次90-120分钟,主要从青少年CBT、监护人以及学校老师的认知行为培训三方面展开,讨论涉及的主题包括如何辨识并控制你的情感、父母与子女之间健康沟通的原则、处理通过互联网获取内容的技巧等。

治疗后发现,孩子们的每周上网时间显著减少,网络游戏成瘾严重程度降低,一些关键成瘾相关脑区(壳核、眶额叶皮层、扣带回)在治疗后也发生了功能上的改变,证实了CBT治疗在一定程度上可以改善孩子的认知控制能力。相关的研究还在持续中。

周滟表示,将来还会用不同的分析手段对网络成瘾的孩子脑功能进行研究,特别是大脑皮层厚度的变化以及微结构的改变,希望更快地找到一条更好的干预方法。

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    2019-12-09 lucy74

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    2018-12-12 衣带渐宽

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