Circulation:唉!竟然被心电图“调戏”了?!

2018-05-29 小可真 医学界心血管频道

12导联心电图已成为全世界使用最广泛的工具,其具有简便、经济、迅速、准确的特点,任何一个专业科室,不论是否真正理解和重视心电图,在患者入院时,心电图总是“必点”的。

12导联心电图已成为全世界使用最广泛的工具,其具有简便、经济、迅速、准确的特点,任何一个专业科室,不论是否真正理解和重视心电图,在患者入院时,心电图总是“必点”的。

当我们在判读一份心电图时,通常是按照一定的顺序,如心率→心律→P波→PR间期→QRS波→ST段→T波→QT间期。即便如此,我们还是在不经意间被心电图“调戏”,这是为何呢?先呈上一个病例。

病例简介

一名32岁患有慢性肾脏病的青年男性,因其考虑行肾脏移植手术,故就诊于心脏科进行术前心血管方面的评估。患者就诊时无胸痛、心悸或晕厥,无心脏病家族史。就诊后的第一个检查,不用多想,肯定是一份心电图,现在上图(图1)。


图1 就诊时第一份12导联心电图

大家也注意到这份心电图是异常的,Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高,Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段压低,伴随巨大的T波,What is the matter?于是作者根据心电图开始进行鉴别诊断

鉴于如此心电图通常应考虑急性心肌梗死、早复极、左室肥厚、左束支传导阻滞、急性心包炎、高钾血症、Brugada综合征和肺栓塞等(PS:感慨作者真是基(脑)础(洞)扎(大)实(开))。但这份心电图看起来很古怪,感觉和上述考虑的诊断不能完美匹配(于是作者继续放开脑洞)。作者考虑还有一种比较少见的情况——人为现象。

作者认为巨大怪异的T波可用于区别心肌梗死和人为现象。当电极没有和皮肤完全贴合时就可能出现这种图形,此外,该心电图ST段抬高不像真正缺血时有具体定位,观察肢体导联,只有Ⅱ导联没有ST段的改变和奇怪的T波。

还有一点很有趣,该患者人为现象出现是与心脏搏动周期同步的,提示可能与脉搏有关。于是我们观察了肢体导联放置的位置,其中一个电极发现正好放置在患者左侧前壁动静脉瘘处(该瘘是为了用于血液透析的)

(图2 注意高能预警,密集恐惧症者慎入)


图2 患者左侧前壁有动静脉瘘

那么,既然考虑动脉搏动干扰,那为何Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联受到影响呢?

这就要从肢体导联电极方面解释了(图3),大部分心电图机通常只记录Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联电位,其他肢体导联电位是通过前两者计算出来的,因此一旦干扰到这两者中的任一导联电位,均可影响其他导联。该患者左侧电极因动静脉瘘受到干扰,因此对应的Ⅰ、Ⅲ导联会受影响。


图3

那么进一步考虑,为何aVL、aVF和aVR导联也会被殃及呢?

这要基于Wilson中心电端理论来理解。现简要介绍一下中心电端的来历。

Wilson是伟大的心电学先驱,在他生活的那个时代,心电图只存在三个标准导联,也就是Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联,这三者均为双击导联,Wilson当时发现将三个电极连在一起,其综合电位几乎为零,他将这个综合电位称为中心电端,以它连接在心电图机的阴极端,用另一个探查电极(单极导联)置于身体不同部位测量电位,因此就逐渐发现了胸前导联。

但Wilson还是不满足,他想通过其中心电端思想,用单机导联测量肢体电位VR、VL和VF,但他发现这三个导联电位很低,原因在于其包含部分肢体导联电位,因此被抵消了部分电位。于是其在测量某一肢体导联时就将中心电端中该肢体电极拔出,这样电位就增加了,也就引申出加压单极肢体导联(aVR、aVL和aVF)。

因此我们从图3可以看出每个加压单极肢体导联电位要由其他两个肢体电位所决定,因此后两者出现人为现象必然也影响到对应的加压单极肢体导联。

后将该患者左侧导联放置在无动脉搏动处,复查心电图完全正常了。


图4:左侧肢体导联受到干扰


图5:下肢导联受到干扰


图6:右侧导联受到干扰

看完了这几份心电图,是不是感觉被心电图“调戏了”,这是我回忆起《黄宛心电图》的第1章是介绍各个电极发展由来,第2张就介绍在学习正常心电图时如何识别干扰。所以我们要仔细研读前辈留下的经典心电图书籍,夯实基础,长出慧眼,去伪存真。

原始出处:Sotananusak T, Meemook K. Asymptomatic ST-Segment-Elevation  ECG  in Patient  With Kidney Failure.Circulation. 2018;137(4):402-404.

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    2018-05-30 易水河

    学习学习.很好

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319935, encodeId=8bc1319935d7, content=学习学习.很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKibA62IFMeUJEmSyIe8DvYFeERuOsfrRd8iano7nENqQU1dRR3tqeQOUL3eqgYgEZRT2t2iaEsib0JEw/132, createdBy=66771693911, createdName=易水河, createdTime=Wed May 30 10:30:44 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319891, encodeId=533131989151, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed May 30 07:25:14 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319890, encodeId=5ef931989055, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed May 30 07:25:05 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319816, encodeId=a1e6319816e3, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed May 30 03:35:30 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319796, encodeId=67dd319e960d, content=一起学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/TDiaAWyicHgedzX3wKo3qcxudVJib7AfibfvNeufHRF2jG3Bw8MmZyWjIhtBV1mpJI7Sy9n7RcBKK5t3CuOKuOFxkg/0, createdBy=dd702206933, createdName=wzb521zf, createdTime=Wed May 30 00:06:40 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-30 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献.学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319935, encodeId=8bc1319935d7, content=学习学习.很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKibA62IFMeUJEmSyIe8DvYFeERuOsfrRd8iano7nENqQU1dRR3tqeQOUL3eqgYgEZRT2t2iaEsib0JEw/132, createdBy=66771693911, createdName=易水河, createdTime=Wed May 30 10:30:44 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319891, encodeId=533131989151, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed May 30 07:25:14 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319890, encodeId=5ef931989055, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed May 30 07:25:05 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319816, encodeId=a1e6319816e3, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed May 30 03:35:30 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319796, encodeId=67dd319e960d, content=一起学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/TDiaAWyicHgedzX3wKo3qcxudVJib7AfibfvNeufHRF2jG3Bw8MmZyWjIhtBV1mpJI7Sy9n7RcBKK5t3CuOKuOFxkg/0, createdBy=dd702206933, createdName=wzb521zf, createdTime=Wed May 30 00:06:40 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-30 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献.学习了

    0

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    2018-05-30 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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    2018-05-30 wzb521zf

    一起学习学习

    0