Nat Med:同时检测基因型和表型,新方法稳准快检测抗生素敏感性!

2019-12-02 Eagle 转化医学网

抗生素与我们的生活密切相关,它就像一把“双刃剑”,昔日是对抗疾病延长生命的“万能神药”,随着高频率滥用,而今抗生素的耐药性问题已成为世界卫生领域的重大难题,并严重威胁人类健康。由此,在临床治疗中,快速检测抗生素敏感性技术将为人类带来新福音。

抗生素与我们的生活密切相关,它就像一把“双刃剑”,昔日是对抗疾病延长生命的“万能神药”,随着高频率滥用,而今抗生素的耐药性问题已成为世界卫生领域的重大难题,并严重威胁人类健康。由此,在临床治疗中,快速检测抗生素敏感性技术将为人类带来新福音。



近日,美国哈佛大学联合麻省理工综合医院的研究人员开发出一套能够同时检测基因型和表型的“稳准快”抗生素敏感性检测方法,并在国际顶级期刊Nature Medicine发表了相关成果。

19世纪末20世纪初,抗生素的发现改变了世界抵御疾病的原始方式,就像“秘密武器”最终出场,人类寿命因此也大大提高。而随着发现和使用还不到一百年,细菌生物对抗生素的耐药性不断增强,“超级细菌”的概念更让人细思极恐,所谓的抗生素耐药已经成为困扰世界各国的重大挑战。根据世卫组织数据报道,预计到2050年,每年会有1000万人因为细菌对抗生素产生耐药性而丧生,相当于每3秒钟就有1人死亡,危害程度赶超癌症。

面对这一重大生物安全隐患,及时诊断并使用最有效的抗生素以治疗细菌感染的患者将是最有效的解决方法。然而目前,临床上鉴定患者体内对哪些抗生素具有耐药性,而哪些抗生素可以有效使用的检测方法(如肉汤微量稀释),通常需要2天以上,甚至一周时间,这种情况下,患者通常难以忍受病痛,医生只能开具广谱抗生素——如此一来,抗生素耐药情况便愈演愈烈,难以控制。

近日,来自哈佛大学Deborah T. Hung实验室的科学家们联合麻省理工总医院,一同开发了一种新的抗生素敏感性诊断方法,打破了时间和准确性壁垒,真正实现数小时准精准定位最佳抗生素,具有非常大的应用潜力。

现在临床上使用的抗生素敏感性测试(Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing, AST)的金标准主要包括两种,定位“表型”的方法要先从患者体内样本分离得到细菌,然后在用含各种抗生素的培养基中培养细菌,观察哪种抗生素药物可以有效抑制微生物生长,即获得表型结果;这种基于细菌培养的测定方法是准确的,但是培养过程耗时耗力。而最新的细菌“基因型”定位方法则以细菌的DNA为标准,检测发现已知具有耐药性的突变位点,这种方法虽然较快,但准确性较差,尤其是当产生未包含在测试内的耐药变异位点时,可能造成变异位点遗漏。

为了解决这两种检测方法各自存在的短板问题,研究团队将两种方法巧妙结合,取长补短,发明了一种基于RNA检测的基因型和表型双定位的抗生素敏感性测试方法,即GoPhAST-R(Combined genotypic and phenotypic AST through RNA detection)——在经过早期的抗生素诱导后,研究人员通过检测细菌中特定的信使RNA表达特征,结合高通量测序技术和机器学习的分析方法,同时检测关键性遗传抗性变化,对分离的临床菌株进行高准确度分类定位。这种方法可以在四个小时内提供准确结果,且精确度高达94-99%。

研究中,科学家发现,在培养皿中生长的同一种细菌在抗生素中暴露的数分钟内,其耐药性和药物敏感性变化具有不同的信使RNA(mRNA)表达模式,即反映活性变化的差异基因。该方法还分析了mRNA转录物的序列,以揭示细菌是否携带已知会引起耐药性的关键基因。随后,根据机器学习算法,识别最能区分药物敏感性和抗生素耐药性的mRNA转录物。最后GoPhAST-R方法使用这些转录本对药物敏感性未知的样品进行分类,通过定位不同药物敏感性的mRNA标记,在不受耐药性的潜在遗传因素影响的情况下,快速定位患者本身对某些抗生素的敏感性,产生准确结果。

研究团队证明了,GoPhAST-R可以识别出当今临床使用的三种主要抗生素类别的敏感性:卡巴培南,氟喹诺酮和氨基糖苷,它们对应五种经常具有耐药性的常见病原体:大肠杆菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,鲍曼不动杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。此外,他们还利用GoPhAST-R方法快速测定了麻省理工总医院临床微生物实验室的患者样品中,有对环丙沙星的高敏感性结果,这些临床数据都再次证明了该检测方法的临床潜力。

为了使GoPhAST-R检测方法在保质保量的基础上,保证高效率检测,该团队还与NanoString生物技术公司合作,使用其二代RNA检测平台NanoString Hyb&Seq。如此一来,与使用标准临床实验室的方法进行28-40小时的培养分析相比,该仪器允许GoPhAST-R在血液培养中阳性细菌被检出后不到四小时的时间内确定抗生素敏感性结果。



GoPhAST-R检测方法的实验设计原理和在NanoString Hyb&Seq测序平台的工作流程(可区分易感菌株表型和检测抗性菌株遗传特征)
 
这一检测方法有效提高了抗生素耐药性检测的准确性,推动了耐药检测的分子流行病学发展,也为尽早发现新兴的耐药性机制提供了理论依据。这种双管齐下的诊断方法让检测时间缩短了数倍,但精确度不减,可谓“事半功倍”。一方面,此类方法有望得到进一步开发,争取应用于更多细菌感染和抗生素检测;另一方面,这种检测手段将真正改变临床上对细菌感染患者的诊断和护理方式,以确保更有效地部署现有的抗生素库使用,有效防止了耐药性“超级细菌”的进一步出现和传播。”

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    2020-05-29 liye789132251
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    2019-12-19 kzlchina
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    2019-12-04 tastas
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