Neurocrit Care:渗透性药物纠正高颅压和脑水肿1例

2019-08-08 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

62岁,女性。既往 HIV 感染接受逆转录治疗,小细胞肺癌化疗,COPD。因呼吸窘迫和轻度脑病表现住院。

62岁,女性。

既往 HIV 感染接受逆转录治疗,小细胞肺癌化疗,COPD。

因呼吸窘迫和轻度脑病表现住院。

脑MRI 增强正常,脑电图显示背景波变慢,无癫痫样波释放。腰穿压力32 cmH2O,怀疑与穿刺时患者躁动有关。肝功能正常,血氨185 ug/dL(正常范围,20-70 ur/dL)。给予乳果糖治疗。

入院后两天,病情加重,意识丧失。左侧瞳孔7mm,无光反应,GCS 6分。立即气管插管,镇静。

头 CT 显示弥漫性严重脑水肿,伴中心疝和双侧钩回疝(下图):



开始给予过度通气,目标 PaCO2 30-35 mmHg,快速输注1.5g/kg 甘露醇和23.4%高张盐水30ml。

经过高渗治疗后瞳孔散大和肢体瘫痪一过性好转,GCS 7分。植入颅内压监护,初压为16 mmHg。

在 ICP 的指导下,间断给予甘露醇,持续输注高张盐水。

第二天早上复查 CT 显示脑疝得到逆转,脑水肿减轻(下图):



作者认为,严重高氨血症(238 ug/dL),伴正常的肝脏转氨酶(AST: 11 U/l, ALT: 10 U/l, alkaline phosphatase: 151 U/l)和肝脏合成功能(total bilirubin 0.2 mg/dl, albumin 3.9 g/dl, total protein 7.0 g/dl, INR 1.2)是脑水肿的病因。

给予乳果糖和rifaximin效果不理想,给予静脉-静脉血滤后成功控制了高氨血症(下图):



随后的化验检查排除了肝炎、尿素循环障碍,肝脏超声未发现肝硬化。腹部 CTA 显示多发原发性肝静脉分流,并被DSA证实,并成功栓塞。

作者认为这个病历提示渗透性治疗让该例患者迅速获益,渗透性治疗能够迅速缓解高颅压和脑水肿以及脑疝。另外,积极寻找高氨血症的病因非常重要。成人高氨血症最常见的原因为肝功能障碍,包括中毒和感染或慢性肝硬化。转氨酶正常并不能排除肝病,因为慢性肝脏衰竭者转氨酶可以正常。年轻患者还需要鉴别尿素循环障碍。肠道出血、水杨酸中毒、慢性肾病和一些药物也是高氨血症的病因。最常见的药物包括丙戊酸,巴比妥和化疗药物。痫性发作是高氨血症的临床表现,此时应该避免使用丙戊酸。

原始出处:Loggini A1, Martinez RC2, Kramer CL2. Cerebral Herniation from Hyperammonemic Cerebral Edema: A Potentially Reversible Neurological Emergency. Neurocrit Care. 2019 Jun;

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    2020-02-23 linlin2312
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    2019-08-10 小华子