早产儿呼吸暂停诊断和治疗要点

2016-08-27 佚名 医学界儿科频道

早产儿呼吸暂停是新生儿ICU最常见的诊断之一,尽管早产儿呼吸暂停多见,反复的呼吸暂停、心动过缓、低氧血症是否会影响早产儿的生长发育,目前尚不清楚。对早产儿呼吸功能的研究,使我们对早产儿呼吸暂停的发病机理和治疗有了一定的认识,但对于呼吸暂停的定义、监测和临床意义仍然缺乏共识。该报告旨在依据早产儿呼吸暂停的定义、流行病学和治疗方面的研究证据,提出有关早产儿反复呼吸暂停的诊断和治疗建议。定义和分类呼吸暂

早产儿呼吸暂停是新生儿ICU最常见的诊断之一,尽管早产儿呼吸暂停多见,反复的呼吸暂停、心动过缓、低氧血症是否会影响早产儿的生长发育,目前尚不清楚。对早产儿呼吸功能的研究,使我们对早产儿呼吸暂停的发病机理和治疗有了一定的认识,但对于呼吸暂停的定义、监测和临床意义仍然缺乏共识。该报告旨在依据早产儿呼吸暂停的定义、流行病学和治疗方面的研究证据,提出有关早产儿反复呼吸暂停的诊断和治疗建议。


定义和分类


呼吸暂停通常定义为呼吸停止超过20秒,或者短暂的呼吸停止伴随心动过缓(<100次/分)、发绀或苍白。早产儿的呼吸暂停常短于20秒,而短暂的气流停止即可导致心动过缓或低氧血症。根据呼吸运动和气流情况,可将呼吸暂停分为中枢性、阻塞性或混合性。大多数早产儿的呼吸暂停为混合性。


流行病学


据研究显示,呼吸暂停的发生率随着新生儿胎龄的减少而增加。原则上,胎龄低于28周的所有新生儿均应诊断为呼吸暂停;超过28周,新生儿呼吸暂停的比例明显减少,胎龄在30周的新生儿大约85%出现呼吸暂停,而胎龄34周则降低到20%。早产儿呼吸暂停反应了其呼吸调控功能的异常,在胎龄≥28周、末次月经胎龄(PMA)36-37周时大多能得到缓解;而胎龄<28周的早产儿,呼吸暂停可能会反复持续存在,甚至超过足月胎龄时间。


呼吸暂停/心动过缓监测


许多NICU的新生儿都能持续的监测心率、呼吸和氧饱和度。心率警报常设置在100次/分,更低的设置可能适用于恢复期的、且PMA大于33-34周的早产儿。呼吸暂停警报多设置在20秒。没有数据显示早产儿呼吸暂停与婴儿猝死综合症风险的增加有关,而家庭监护也并不能预防呼吸暂停早产儿猝死综合症的发生。因此,并不推荐对于已经缓解的早产儿呼吸暂停,进行常规的家庭监护。出院后的心肺监护多用于个别复发的、严重的呼吸暂停早产儿。


治疗


黄嘌呤治疗


甲基黄嘌呤作为治疗呼吸暂停的主要药物已有数十年的历史,副作用包括心动过速、恶心和神经过敏。黄嘌呤对呼吸系统有多重作用,可以增加每分通气量、改善二氧化碳敏感性、降低呼吸节律,主要作用机制为封闭抑制性腺苷酸A1受体,激发呼吸神经元。


茶碱和咖啡因均被用于早产儿呼吸暂停的治疗,其中枸橼酸咖啡因半衰期较长,治疗效果较好。咖啡因20mg/kg的负荷剂量和每天5-10mg/kg的维持剂量安全有效,咖啡因的使用可以缩短新生儿机械通气时间,减少支气管肺发育不良,并能改善神经功能预后。对于存在呼吸暂停风险的新生儿,尚不清楚进行咖啡因治疗的最佳时机,但及早的咖啡因治疗会使患儿明显获益。同时,也应及时停止黄嘌呤的使用,以免增加不必要的住院时间。


经鼻持续气道正压通气


经鼻正压通气(NCPAP)联合黄嘌呤治疗能有效降低早产儿呼吸暂停的发作频率和严重性。NCPAP能够开通上呼吸道,降低阻塞性呼吸暂停的风险,减少中枢性呼吸暂停的氧解离持续时间,维持更高的呼气末肺容量。


输血


有研究认为,贫血可能增加了早产儿呼吸暂停的发生风险,输血则会在短期内减少呼吸暂停的发生。红细胞输入可以提高血液的运氧能力、总的氧含量、以及增加组织氧合,从而提高呼吸动力,减少早产儿呼吸暂停发生。


胃食管反流的治疗


早产儿咽喉部的化学反射敏感,受到刺激后能诱发呼吸暂停;另外,几乎所有的早产儿都存在一定程度的胃食管反流(GER)。因此推测GRE能诱发早产儿呼吸暂停,药物治疗GRE则可能降低呼吸暂停的发生或严重性。然而,并没有足够的研究证据证实这种相关性存在的时间一致性。


出院时机


早产儿呼吸暂停的出院时机的选择相对多样,但很多内科医师要求患儿在呼吸暂停/心动过缓缓解一定时间后才能考虑出院。大约75%的新生儿科医生要求5-7天的临床观察期,在实践中常需停止咖啡因治疗一段时间。一项1400名胎龄≤34周的新生儿队列研究证实,5-7天的无呼吸暂停发生可以预测94%-96%的病例得到临床缓解。而胎龄越小,则需适当延长观察时间。因此,出院时机的选择应该根据疾病严重程度、临床情况和新生儿胎龄等自身因素综合考虑,而不能制定对所有新生儿统一的标准。

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    2016-10-02 张永亮

    多学习

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=138762, encodeId=abcb138e62dc, content=多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84c71960269, createdName=张永亮, createdTime=Sun Oct 02 00:25:06 CST 2016, time=2016-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=111531, encodeId=0b53111531d5, content=点个赞!好文章有待学习探讨。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Mon Sep 05 15:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=111419, encodeId=7b1f111419b5, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Mon Sep 05 10:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1596470, encodeId=bda415964e04d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70e4396491a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸暂停#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39649, encryptionId=70e4396491a, topicName=呼吸暂停)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e2a518392360, createdName=119337463, createdTime=Mon Aug 29 03:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106521, encodeId=147e106521d6, content=有收获,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K46ZAxBHmHsph32KkfsWGwmickB6RsCUD8KruE4vo5CpvXfdu16GBpp4ibh6WJu1o9iatP1LWKDmvmic/0, createdBy=be6f1940165, createdName=1e0ece0dm09(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Aug 29 00:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106084, encodeId=92f410608421, content=先进,前沿,有用,好文章值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160601/IMG574E13FEE55F33222.jpg, createdBy=929c1478678, createdName=zibozhouping, createdTime=Sun Aug 28 06:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106026, encodeId=77fe106026fe, content=收下了写文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Sun Aug 28 00:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106002, encodeId=6af5106002b1, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 23:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106003, encodeId=3d7610600326, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 23:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-05 ylzr123

    点个赞!好文章有待学习探讨。

    0

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    2016-09-05 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2016-08-29 1e0ece0dm09(暂无匿称)

    有收获,谢谢

    0

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    2016-08-28 zibozhouping

    先进,前沿,有用,好文章值得收藏

    0

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    2016-08-28 xiaotaiyang1

    收下了写文章

    0

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    2016-08-27 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-08-27 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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