缺血性卒中,抗血小板治疗or抗凝治疗?

2018-04-11 郑小丽 李琴 上海药讯

当今发生口角歪斜、半身不遂、语言障碍等肢体或智力功能障碍性疾病的患者越来越多,也越来越年轻化。这主要是什么原因造成?如何预防或治疗其发生?


郑小丽 李琴   上海市第一人民医院临床药学科  

当今发生口角歪斜、半身不遂、语言障碍等肢体或智力功能障碍性疾病的患者越来越多,也越来越年轻化。这主要是什么原因造成?如何预防或治疗其发生?

首先卒中是造成这种肢体或智力功能障碍的主要原因之一。卒中包括出血性卒中和缺血性卒中,其中出血性卒中死亡率较高,缺血性卒中发病率较高。这里主要介绍的是缺血性卒中的抗栓治疗。

缺血性卒中主要是局部形成的血栓直接栓塞于脑动脉,或其他部位的血栓脱落后通过血流栓塞于脑动脉所引起的脑部血液循环异常,表现为肢体或智力障碍的一类临床综合征。根据血栓来源的不同,不同类型的卒中其药物的选择不一样。

大多数缺血性脑卒中主要是由于脑动脉粥样硬化继发动脉血栓的形成直接栓塞于脑动脉,或颈内动脉粥样硬化形成的血栓脱落随着血流阻塞于脑动脉而造成。这类患者主要是以抗血小板药物治疗为主。

阿司匹林和氯吡格雷都是抗血小板聚集的药物,通过抑制血小板聚集,从而抑制动脉血栓的形成和扩大。一般使用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷进行防治。在某些特殊情况下,一段时间内可以联合使用两个抗血小板药物来强化抑制动脉血栓形成,两药联合使用一段时间后,改为单用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷作为长期预防或治疗使用。

心源性脑卒中主要是由于房颤导致左心房血栓形成,血栓脱落随着血流阻塞于脑动脉。这类患者主要是以抗凝药物治疗为主,主要的药物选择有:

1传统口服抗凝药

华法林是第一个口服抗凝药,具有悠久的抗凝历史,该药主要是通过抑制凝血因子生成而发挥其抗凝作用,具有价格便宜、有特异性拮抗剂(对抗华法林治引起的出血)等优点。但是这个药物在使用过程中其药效受药物、食物等因素影响较大,所以需要定期检查凝血功能,根据凝血指标INR来调整剂量。因为华法林与食物药物的相互作用大,当同时加服或减服其它药物时,患者应密切关注凝血功能的复查和华法林剂量的调整,平时也要保持饮食结构平衡,特别是对富含维生素K的食物(如绿叶蔬菜等),每周的摄入量最好保持均衡。

2新型口服抗凝药

经典的口服抗凝药华法林在使用过程中具有剂量不恒定,食物药物影响因素大等缺点,而近年来上市的新型口服抗凝剂(如:达比加群、利伐沙班等)具有使用剂量固定、不需定期检查凝血功能,食物药物影响小等优点,其价格相对较昂贵。这些新型口服抗凝药的问世让患者在治疗过程中有了更多的选择。由于目前在中国新型口服抗凝剂特异性拮抗剂还未上市,所以患者需密切关注严重的出血不良反应等。

缺血性卒中是一种发病率高、致残率高和死亡率高的疾病,会对人们的健康和生命造成极大威胁,给患者、家庭及社会带来极大的痛苦和沉重的负担。所以,我们应充分认识其严重性,根据患者的综合情况,合理选择抗凝药物或抗血小板药物。患者在使用药物的过程中,一旦发生血栓或出血等症状,应立即就医。

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    2019-03-13 heli0118
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    2018-05-25 724765917_36481625

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-12 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-11 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1806238, encodeId=69d818062383f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b649e9358fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性卒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79358, encryptionId=b649e9358fa, topicName=缺血性卒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 23 00:04:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1893041, encodeId=7328189304127, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Wed Mar 13 21:04:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318450, encodeId=b95931845065, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/13/e51eda1902bf3197b7b2a48e1ba1e39c.jpg, createdBy=6a672335244, createdName=724765917_36481625, createdTime=Fri May 25 12:36:42 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=304935, encodeId=d5d8304935ea, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Apr 12 00:20:09 CST 2018, time=2018-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1026011, encodeId=6a561026011ee, content=卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=健健, createdTime=Wed Apr 11 22:04:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=304854, encodeId=306c304854cf, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Apr 11 19:33:34 CST 2018, time=2018-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-11 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好文章.学习了.

    0

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