欧洲药品管理局(EMA)批准疟疾疫苗Mosquirix(RTS;S)上市

2015-07-26 MedSci MedSci原创

经过对疫苗RTS,S(商品名为Mosquirix)进行质量、安全性和疗效等方面的评估之后,欧洲药品管理局(EMA)人用药委员会(CHMP)认为,在使用其他保护性预防疟疾的措施(如使用杀虫剂和蚊帐)的前提下,该疫苗可被用于非洲6周到17个月的儿童进行免疫接种。CHMP的推荐使用是RTS,S成为第一个获得许可的疟疾疫苗的第一步。今年晚些时候,世界卫生组织(WHO)的独立咨询小组将对该疫苗进行审查,并决

A syringe on an African map

经过对疫苗RTS,S(商品名为Mosquirix)进行质量、安全性和疗效等方面的评估之后,欧洲药品管理局(EMA)人用药委员会(CHMP)认为,在使用其他保护性预防疟疾的措施(如使用杀虫剂和蚊帐)的前提下,该疫苗可被用于非洲6周到17个月的儿童进行免疫接种。

CHMP的推荐使用是RTS,S成为第一个获得许可的疟疾疫苗的第一步。今年晚些时候,世界卫生组织(WHO)的独立咨询小组将对该疫苗进行审查,并决定是否推荐该疫苗使用。

疟疾是由疟原虫引起的一种威胁生命的疾病,该疾病通过按蚊叮咬传播给人类。最致命的疟疾寄生虫是恶性疟原虫,这是疫苗RTS,S疫苗攻击的主要目标。当恶性疟原虫进入血液后,RTS,S通过诱导体内的免疫反应,起到抵制寄生虫感染的作用,并可抑制恶性疟原虫在肝脏的繁殖。2013年全世界约有19800万例疟疾病例,有584000位病人死亡,在死亡病例中,约有90%的病例发生在非洲,且大部分是在5岁以下的儿童。

目前在非洲,治疗疟疾唯一有效的治疗措施使用以青蒿素为基础的联合疗法(ACTs),但是该疗法需要在患者发热24小时内使用,并且杀虫剂和蚊帐同时使用。

然而,当英国制药公司 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)生产RTS,S疫苗被批准使用之后,需要伴随现有的疟疾防治策略共同应用于患者。因为在临床试验中,研究人员并未获得充足的证据证明疫苗单独使用有效。

今年早些时候,今日医学新闻报道了发表在柳叶刀杂志的关于RTS,S疫苗3期临床试验的结果。试验涉及15459名6-12周的婴儿和5-17个月的儿童,并在七个撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲国家(包括肯尼亚,加纳,马拉维和莫桑比克)中选取11处地点进行试验。

初步试验结果显示,年龄在5-17个月的参与者接受三次RTS,S疫苗注射后,在后续18个月的随访中,疟疾的发病率降低46%,;年龄在6-12周的婴儿疟疾发病率降低27%。研究人员在第三次疫苗注射后的18月后又为患者注射一次疫苗加强针,并继续随访了20-30个月。

研究人员发现。三次RTS,S疫苗注射加一剂疫苗加强针使得5-17个月的儿童4年中疟疾患病例数减少了39%;在6-12周龄的婴儿疟疾患病人数在3年中减少27%。更重要的是,试验结果表明,若不使用加强针,则随着时间的推移,疫苗抵御疟疾的效力逐渐降低。因此,使用RTS,S疫苗预防疟疾时,加强针的使用必不可少。但是RTS,S并不能在预防疟疾的传播和侵袭中发挥绝对的效用,因此采取重要的环境保护措施也是很必要的,例如,杀虫剂灭虫、蚊帐隔离蚊子等。
据估计,撒哈拉以南非洲地区是疟疾的高发区,且每1000名儿童注射RTS,S疫苗,则可避免6000例疟疾病例的发生。

GSK公司的CEO——Andrew Witty表示,虽然RTS,S在抵御疟疾方面无法发挥绝对的作用,但是可以与环境保护措施齐驱并进,在使用杀虫剂和蚊帐的前提下,使用RTS,S疫苗对预防疟疾的发生更有意义和效果。对非洲儿童的健康至关重要。

原始出处:

European Medicines Agency news release, accessed 24 July 2015.

Ockenhouse CF, Regules J, Tosh D, Cowden J, Kathcart A, Cummings J, Paolino K, Moon J, Komisar J, Kamau E, Oliver T, Chhoeu A, Murphy J, Lyke K, Laurens M, Birkett A, Lee C, Weltzin R, Wille-Reece U, Sedegah M, Hendriks J, Versteege I, Pau MG, Sadoff J, Vanloubbeeck Y, Lievens M, Heerwegh D, Moris P, Guerra Mendoza Y, Jongert E, Cohen J, Voss G, Ballou WR, Vekemans J. Ad35.CS.01 - RTS,S/AS01 Heterologous Prime Boost Vaccine Efficacy against Sporozoite Challenge in Healthy Malaria-Naïve Adults. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 6;10(7):e0131571

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    2015-07-28 fengyi812
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    2015-07-27 KR0817

    中医古方中治疟疾,是用青蒿捣汁在发热前二小时内服,改用青蒿素后已经该到24小时了,应该是进步吧。

    0

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