颈部动脉夹层1例

2018-04-18 杨冰 董大伟 关敏 中国卒中杂志

患者,男性,26岁,因“被发现言语不能伴右侧肢体无力3小时15分”就诊于基层医院。

【一般资料】

患者,男性,26岁

【主诉】

因“被发现言语不能伴右侧肢体无力3小时15分”就诊于基层医院。

【现病史】

患者3天前有颈部按摩史及溜冰摔伤史,于就诊当日下午14时出现左眼视物不清,18时被房东发现跌倒,不能言语,伴右侧肢体无力,就诊于当地医院,头颅CT未见出血,经卒中区域急救网络平台转诊至本院。

【既往史】

既往体健。

【体格检查】

内科系统查体正常。心率80次/分,血压134/84mmHg。神经系统:神清,右利手,混合性失语,记忆力、定向力、计算力检查不合作。双侧瞳孔等圆等大,直径约3mm,对光反射灵敏,双眼球向左不完全凝视,无眼震。额纹对称,右鼻唇沟浅,伸舌不配合。右上肢肌力3级,右下肢肌力4级,右侧指鼻试验、跟膝胫试验、闭目难立征不合作,四肢痛刺激存在。双侧腱反射对称存在,右侧巴氏征阳性。颈软,双侧克氏征、布氏征(-)。NIHSS评分14分。

【辅助检查】

血常规:嗜中性粒细胞绝对值10.02×10^9/L,嗜中性粒细胞百分比81.60%,白细胞12.28×10^9/L;其他检查未见明显异常。影像学检查外院头颅CT未见明显异常(图A);本院头颅MRI、MRA、ASL显示左侧大脑半球新发梗死灶(图B);左侧大脑半球低灌注,存在梗死灶与低灌注明显不匹配(图C);左侧颈内动脉闭塞,左侧大脑中动脉M1段闭塞(图D)。DSA显示:左侧颈内动脉颈段呈典型的鼠尾状夹层影像(图E);左侧大脑中动脉M2段闭塞(图F),考虑颈部夹层血栓脱落所致;支架取栓术后左大脑中动脉M1段残留轻中度不均匀狭窄(图G);支架置入术后左侧颈内动脉C1段末端残留中度狭窄(图H)。



【初步诊断

急性脑梗死(左侧大脑半球,左侧颈内动脉);左侧大脑中动脉闭塞;左侧颈内动脉闭塞(夹层)。

【治疗】

于21:57完成头颅DWI+MRA+ASL序列检查,于22:34启动血管内治疗,于23:08分完成左侧大脑中动脉M1段支架取栓术,于23:53完成左侧颈内动脉支架置入术。术后第1天复查DSA:左大脑中动脉M1段狭窄及左颈内动脉C1段狭窄解除(图1L)。术后第2天复查头颅MR+ASL+SWAN显示:①双侧脑实质未见出血性改变(图1I);②左侧额颞顶岛叶大面积脑梗死(图1J);③ASL示左侧额颞顶叶示大片状较对侧高灌注区,考虑左侧大脑中动脉再通后改变(图1K)。术后注射盐酸替罗非班,维持48h。复查影像未见梗死区域出血转化。口服硫酸氢氯吡格雷与盐酸替罗非班注射重叠4h,之后改为硫酸氢氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀钙治疗。半个月后,患者出院时存在部分运动性失语、右侧中枢性面舌瘫及右上肢轻瘫试验阳性。3个月随访时患者运动性失语好转,完整表达,言语稍欠流利,余查体未见异常。出院诊断:急性脑梗死(左侧大脑半球,左侧颈内动脉)左侧大脑中动脉闭塞左侧颈内动脉闭塞(夹层)



【讨论】

本青年患者,起病急,无脑血管病危险因素,发病前有颈部按摩及外伤史,症状为失语、双眼向左凝视、右侧肢体无力,CT未见出血,发病超过6h,未予溶栓。转诊至本院后检查发现明显的缺血不匹配区域(图1B和1C),有行血管内治疗的价值。DSA发现患者为左颈内动脉近端夹层合并左大脑中动脉M2段栓塞。患者存在前交通动脉,先行左大脑中支架取栓术,再处理近端夹层。该患者颈内动脉夹层导致重度狭窄,且大脑中动脉M1段在支架取栓后显影欠佳,考虑血管痉挛或内膜损伤导致局部血栓形成,TICI2b级,行左颈内动脉支架置入术,术后静脉盐酸替罗非班注射液抗血小板治疗,第2天复查造影示左侧大脑中动脉M1段及左侧颈内动脉全程显影良好。颈部动脉夹层是导致青年卒中的重要原因。患者往往缺乏脑血管病危险因素。夹层往往由创伤诱发,颈部按摩也是不容忽视的诱因。随着血管内膜的撕裂,血液进入内膜下,导致管腔狭窄甚至闭塞,引起远端供血区域的灌注不足。血液中的内皮细胞激活凝血系统,易形成血栓,因此,动脉至动脉栓塞是血管夹层导致缺血性卒中的最可能机制。在4.5h溶栓时间窗内对颈部动脉夹层进行rt-PA静脉溶栓是安全的。颈动脉夹层所致的缺血性卒中复发事件较低,不推荐常规行血管内治疗,但在颈动脉夹层导致血管严重狭窄甚至闭塞引起缺血性卒中时可行血管成形术。指南不推荐对发病6h内的急性前循环缺血性卒中患者进行灌注筛查,但对存在目标缺血不匹配的患者进行血管内治疗可增加患者良好预后的比例。综上所述,对于急性缺血性卒中青年患者应警惕血管夹层。对于超时间窗的急性缺血性卒中患者,进行灌注影像筛选,存在明显缺血不匹配时,行血管内治疗是获益的。初级卒中中心向高级卒中中心转诊模式值得推广。指南不推荐对发病6h内的急性前循环缺血性卒中患者进行灌注筛查,但对存在目标缺血不匹配的患者进行血管内治疗可增加患者良好预后的比例。

原始出处:

杨冰, 董大伟, 关敏,等. 颈内动脉夹层并发远端栓塞所致青年卒中1例[J]. 中国卒中杂志, 2018, 13(02):176-179.

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    2018-04-19 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献.学习了

    0

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    2018-04-19 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-18 虈亣靌

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-04-18 13718711b3m

    学习了.获益匪浅.感谢分享

    0

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