JAMA Netw Open:中年步行速度和脑健康有密切关系

2019-11-09 WM正无穷 阿尔茨海默和脑健康

一般来说,走路慢的老人大脑健康偏差。那么中年人有没有同样的情况呢?《美国医学会杂志》近期的一篇文章显示,中年人的步行速度可以作为大脑和身体衰老的指标。研究来自于美国杜克大学(Duke University)。

一般来说,走路慢的老人大脑健康偏差。那么中年人有没有同样的情况呢?《美国医学会杂志》近期的一篇文章显示,中年人的步行速度可以作为大脑和身体衰老的指标。研究来自于美国杜克大学(Duke University)。

数据来自于新西兰904人为期50年的跟踪调查。他们在3岁接受了第一次的健康评估。在之后的45年共接受了10次随访。最近的一次随访是2019年4月完成的。

在参与者童年和青少年阶段,研究者评估了他们的智力,语言和运动能力,情绪行为能力。在成年阶段,评估了他们的体重,血脂,血糖,呼吸功能,和生理健康等19个指标。在他们45岁的时候还进行了步行速度的测试,大脑影像检查,和认知功能评估,以及面部衰老的程度。

研究发现,一个人3岁时认知功能水平,和成年期认知功能下降的程度,以及成年期步行速度有相关联系。研究人员验证了两个假设。第一个假说是:一个健康的中年人步态缓慢是反映生物老化加速的早期迹象。这意味着步态速度可以作为衰老的早期指标。第二个假说是,步态缓慢和童年的神经认知功能有关。这意味着步态速度起源于大脑发育时期,从童年开始,表现在中年。通过这个研究,科学家将建立一个模型,即老年成人功能衰退指数到终生衰老指数可能起源于儿童中枢神经系统缺陷。

参与者在45岁的测试中,平均步行的速度为每秒1.30米。一边背诵一边走路的速度平均为每秒1.16米。

双任务测试往往用来评估认知能力。也许一个人会认为,正常的行走和认知的关系不大,双任务行走更加能够反映认知情况。令人惊讶的是,双任务行走和正常行走的速度有几乎完美的线性相关性。意味着正常行走和认知的关系比我们想象的更加密切。

步行速度比较慢的人身体器官的衰老更加严重。肺部,牙齿,和免疫系统的功能更差。步行速度慢的人,大脑健康程度也相对比较差,脑容量更小,皮质更薄,大脑表面积更小。他们的大脑功能也差一些,认知功能下降的更多。

从下边的右图可以看到,行走越慢的人看起来越老。左图显示,行走速度越慢的人,各种指标的衰老更加严重。从图上看,这种关联性还是非常强的。

不过,这些都是统计规律。对于每一个个体来说并不适用。下图显示大脑的体积和步行速度的关系(右图),以及大脑体积和智商的关系(左图)。我们可以看到趋势,走路慢的和大脑体积小的有关联。每一个个体相当于每一个点。有许多人走路慢,但是大脑体积大(右图靠左上方的区域许多黑点)。也有很多人大脑的体积小,但是智商很高(左图靠右下方的许多黑点)。所以对于走路慢的朋友(包括我自己)完全不必太过担心。

研究的结论是:步态速度不仅仅是老年功能衰退的指标,它可能是从中年到老年生物机体衰老的汇总指标,而且可能起源于儿童中枢神经系统发育状况。这个结论有助于解释步态为什么可以成为老年时期失智失能和死亡风险的强指标。它还鼓励人们重新思考步态,它不仅是一种运动问题,而且也是一种综合的健康衡量手段。

人们日益认识到,预防衰老比扭转衰老更容易。在人们还年轻、没有疾病和失智失能的情况下采取干预措施,延缓衰老的效果可能更好。首先需要让年轻的参与者参加抗衰老试验,确定他们是否是需要干预的高风险群体,并在出现与年龄有关的疾病之前开始跟踪。步态速度测试廉价、安全、易于反复测试,在40多岁的人群中使用是非常有潜力的方法。

原始出处:
Rasmussen LJH1,2, Caspi A1,3,4,5, Ambler A6, et al.Association of Neurocognitive and Physical Function With Gait Speed in Midlife.JAMA Netw Open. 2019 ;2(10):e1913123. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13123.

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    2020-07-03 canlab
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    2020-09-11 feather89
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    2020-09-17 yuanming15
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