这种病不常见 极易误诊为特发性肺动脉高压

2018-03-29 熊长明 肺血管病

患者,女,34岁。既往有较大活动后气短、胸闷史,未予以重视。6个月前出现间断咯血,无发热,被当地医院诊断为肺动脉高压。患者既往有反复鼻出血史;反复黑便,贫血。其父亲及一姐均有反复鼻出血史。患者肺动脉高压到底是何种疾病引起?是特发性肺动脉高压吗?详见以下病例。

患者,女,34岁。既往有较大活动后气短、胸闷史,未予以重视。6个月前出现间断咯血,无发热,被当地医院诊断为肺动脉高压。患者既往有反复鼻出血史;反复黑便,贫血。其父亲及一姐均有反复鼻出血史。患者肺动脉高压到底是何种疾病引起?是特发性肺动脉高压吗?详见以下病例。

临床资料】

患者,女,34岁。因活动后气短1年,间断咯血6个月,加重1个月收入院;患者1年前出现较大活动后气短,胸闷,未予重视。6个月前出现咯血,无发热等,当地医院检查发现肺动脉高压。近1个月来症状加重,轻微活动即感气短,出现下肢水肿。

既往有反复鼻出血病史;反复黑便,贫血。无口服避孕药、减肥药病史。其父亲及一姐均有反复鼻出血史。

查体:BP 120/80mmHg,R 19次/分。双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿性啰音,双肺未闻及血管杂音。HR 80次/分,心律齐,P2亢进分裂,胸骨左缘4肋间闻及3/6级收缩期吹风样杂音,双下肢无水肿。手指及舌头可见毛细血管扩张(图23-1)。


图23-1 手指末端可见毛细血管扩张,舌部可见毛细血管扩张

实验室检查:血常规:RBC 3.29×1012/L,Hb 80g/L。WBC 4.04×109/L,PLT 133×109/L。甲状腺功能指标:正常。尿常规:正常。肝肾功能:正常。乙肝、丙肝:阴性。HIV:阴性。CRP:1.83mg/L;血沉:7mm/h。免疫学检查:抗双链DNA抗体、抗核抗体、抗Sm、抗RNP,抗Scl-70,抗J0-1、抗SSA、抗SSB抗体均阴性;补体C3、C4正常;IgG、IgA正常。血气分析:pH7.49,PO2 67.2mmHg,PCO2 27.2mmHg,HCO3-20.2mmol/L,SaO2 95%。

心电图(图23-2):窦性心律,电轴右偏,右心室肥厚。


图23-2 心电图:窦性心律,电轴右偏,右心室肥厚

X线胸片(图23-3):双肺门动脉扩张,外周纹理纤细,主动脉结不宽,肺动脉段凸出,右心房、室扩大,心胸比0.61。


图23-3 X线胸片:双肺门动脉扩张,外周纹理纤细,主动脉结不宽,肺动脉段凸出,右心房、室扩大,心胸比0.61

超声心动图:左心房前后径33mm、左心室舒张末前后径41mm,右心室舒张末前后径35mm,左心室射血分数71%,估测肺动脉收缩压110mmHg。右心房明显扩大,右心室壁增厚,收缩运动尚可,左心室内径大致正常,室间隔左移,左心室呈“D”字形,肺动脉扩张,腔内未见异常回声,三尖瓣瓣环扩张,致瓣叶对合欠佳,三尖瓣少~中量高速反流,余瓣膜结构、形态和启闭未见异常,左心室后心包腔舒张末可见液性暗区宽度约7mm。超声诊断:重度肺动脉高压,右心扩大,心包积液。

肝脏超声:肝脏多发动静脉瘘,未见肝硬化征象。

肺功能:FEV1/FVC 79%,一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)53%,通气功能正常,肺弥散功能中度减退。

头颅CT:未见明显异常。

肺动脉增强CT(图23-4):右心房、室增大,肺动脉扩张,未见栓塞性征象;左肺可见一个小团状血管影;肝脏内动脉可见迂曲扩张,呈弥漫雪花状强化影,肝内血管提前显影,下腔静脉明显增宽,脾脏及双侧肾脏未见异常;腹主动脉及其分支(除外肝动脉)显影良好,未见狭窄或扩张性病变。诊断:肺动脉高压,肺动静脉瘘,肝脏多发动静脉瘘。


图23-4 肺动脉增强CT:肺动脉扩张,未见栓塞征象,肺动静脉瘘,右心房、室明显扩大,肺内未见渗出和实变影,肝脏多发动静脉瘘
 

图 23-4(续)

放射性核素肺通气灌注(图23-5):双肺野内放射性分布不均匀,呈多发性非肺段性放射性稀疏,未见肺栓塞改变。


图23-5 放射性核素肺通气灌注:双肺野内放射性分布不均匀,呈多发性非肺段性放射性稀疏,未见肺栓塞改变

右心导管:肺动脉收缩压100mmHg,舒张压45mmHg,平均压65mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压13mmHg,肺血管阻力1094.7dyn?s/cm5。

【讨论】

遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症(hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia,HHT)伴发肺动脉高压,临床上不常见,临床医师对此病认识不足,极易误诊为特发性肺动脉高压。HHT是常染色体显性遗传性血管发育异常的一种疾病(Endoglin和ALK基因突变),部分患者可以伴发肺动脉高压。2009年欧洲心脏病学会肺动脉高压诊断和治疗指南中将HHT合并肺动脉高压归类为可遗传性肺动脉高压。1864年,HHT首先由Sutton报道,1896年Rendu对该病进行了较详细的论述,1901年Osler报道该病的家族性及其临床特征。以后,Weber也描述过该病例。因此,该病用三者的名字命名,称为Osler-Rendu-Weber病。1909年Hanes以彩色图示颇为全面地讨论了该病,并把该病命名为遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症,其发病率约为1/8000~1/3500。我国尚无HHT流行病学方面的资料,只有文献报道的HHT病例个案或小组病例,我国是个人口大国,推测HHT患者在我国不会少见。HHT临床主要表现为反复鼻出血、皮肤毛细血管扩张和内脏动静脉畸形。2000年国际HHT基金科学顾问委员会制定的诊断标准如下:①鼻出血:反复、自发性鼻出血;②毛细血管扩张:位于特征部位(如嘴唇、口腔、手指和鼻部)的多发毛细血管扩张;③内脏损害:如胃肠毛细血管扩张(伴或不伴出血)、肺动静脉畸形、肝脏动静脉畸形、脑动静脉畸形和脊椎动静脉畸形;④家族史:根据上述诊断,患者一级亲属中,至少有1位被诊断为HHT。以上4项中符合3项即可确诊HHT,符合2项则疑诊为HHT,如少于2项则诊断可能性不大。

该患者以肺动脉高压就诊,经过临床全面筛查肺动脉高压病因,未发现其他基础性疾病,而该患者至少符合HHT诊断标准中的3项,因此HHT诊断成立。

HHT和家族性肺动脉高压发病机制均与编码转化生长因子(TGF)β受体的蛋白[包括活化素受体激酶1(ALK1)、内皮因子和骨形态发生蛋白2(BMPR-2)]基因突变有关。内皮细胞表面TGFⅡ型受体(如BMPR-2)在Ⅲ型受体(如内皮因子)辅助作用下,与Ⅰ型受体(如ALK1)结合形成跨膜复合物,激活Ⅰ型受体激酶,促进其胞内蛋白磷酸化,激活下游Smad信号,进入胞核促进基因转录,调节血管的分化和增殖。该通路中的任何组分,包括ALK1、BMPR-2和内皮因子突变,均可能与肺动脉高压发病有关。根据分子遗传学机制的不同,HHT分为3型。1型HHT通常为内皮因子基因突变所致,2型HHT和3型HHT分别为ALK1和Smad4基因突变所致。既往研究显示,HHT相关肺动脉高压主要发生于1型HHT,表现为肺血管阻力增高,肺动脉压力增加,心输出量下降。肺动脉高压的发生还与动静脉畸形导致左向右分流增加有关,如肝脏巨大动静脉畸形引起左向右大量分流,导致心脏高输出状态,继发肺动脉压力升高。通过肝脏动静脉瘘栓塞术或肝脏移植等方法治疗后,肺动脉高压可以得到改善。

对于遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症导致的出血采取相应的止血措施,补充铁剂,严重贫血者可输血。患者容易出血,因此应避免抗凝治疗。尽管5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、选择性内皮素受体拮抗剂和前列环素类药物用于治疗HHT合并肺动脉高压患者缺乏足够的循证医学证据,但可以谨慎使用,注意引起肝脏损害和出血的不良作用。对于合并右心衰竭者,可对症治疗。这类患者即使急性肺血管反应性阳性也要慎用钙离子拮抗剂,很可能加重出血。

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    2018-04-04 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-03-29 明天jing

    肺动脉高压表面是罕见病,事实上临床上并不少见,治疗药物虽然有一些,但是整体仍然不理解,可能未来需要采用综合治疗措施。

    0

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    2018-03-29 虈亣靌

    谢谢分享学习一下

    0

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病例分享:罕见病因导致急性肝衰竭一例

急性肝衰竭(ALF)可因病毒感染、药物、中毒、自身免疫反应等所致,但还有相当一部分患者诱因不明。葡萄牙学者近日报告了一个罕见的由于乳腺癌弥漫性肝转移而诱发的急性肝衰竭病例。

这种病不仅罕见而且极易误诊!

原发性肺动脉肉瘤是一种罕见的疾病,在临床上极易与肺血栓栓塞症(肺栓塞)相混淆。以下3例是经手术证实的原发肺动脉肉瘤病例。

这种罕见的软组织肿瘤 您认识吗?

2002年WHO对Kaposi型血管内皮细胞瘤定义是局部侵袭性、不成熟的血管肿瘤,特点是Kaposi肉瘤样束状梭形细胞生长为主的结构。该病发病率极低且无人种易感倾向。该病最常见发生于哪些部位?病理特点为何?

这个女孩未怀孕,肚子却奇大无比,来医院后差点吓到医生

一个24岁的女子走进医院,她挺着巨大的肚子,让所有医护人员都以为她怀有身孕,并且临近生产。但女子却告诉医生自己并没有怀孕,来医院的目的就是想知道肚子里的东西究竟是什么。于是在医生的安排下,女子进行了各项检查。

罕见B(A)血型首现江西

近日,江西省血液中心收到来自省内的2份疑难血型标本,经输血研究室鉴定为ABO血型中罕见的B(A)型。据当地卫生部门介绍,这是该省首次发现此类血型。B(A)血型是ABO血型中1种罕见的亚型,人群中比例为0.3~1.6人/10万人,比Rh阴性血型就是我们常说的“熊猫血型”更稀缺。