Nature:阻断CAR-T“杀人风暴”!大牛团队揭示致命性细胞因子风暴缘起,现有高血压药物或可预防

2018-12-24 奇点糕 奇点网

近期《自然》杂志上刊登了一项来自约翰·霍普金斯大学团队的成果,研究者们发现细胞因子释放与肾上腺素等儿茶酚胺类物质有关,限制其合成可以有效控制CRS发生!在多种免疫治疗癌症的小鼠模型中,这种方法都能够降低细胞因子产生、增加存活率,同时并未影响到治疗效果。

人类与癌症的战争已经走入免疫层级,包括CAR-T疗法在内的诸多免疫治疗手段的出现,让我们对“治愈癌症”充满了信心。但它们也有着亟待解决的问题,那就是严重的副作用。

免疫治疗一方面激活了人体的免疫系统对抗癌细胞,另一方面,大量分泌细胞因子,也极有可能引发细胞因子风暴(CRS)。发烧、低血压、心脏问题尚且算轻,严重的时候,CRS会引发多器官衰竭,乃至威胁生命。

目前我们还只能靠着临床团队的治疗经验来控制CRS,科学家仍在持续寻找更加简单易行的方法。

这个方法就快来了!

近期《自然》杂志上刊登了一项来自约翰·霍普金斯大学团队的成果,研究者们发现细胞因子释放与肾上腺素等儿茶酚胺类物质有关,限制其合成可以有效控制CRS发生!在多种免疫治疗癌症的小鼠模型中,这种方法都能够降低细胞因子产生、增加存活率,同时并未影响到治疗效果。

更加令人兴奋的是,研究者使用的甲基酪氨酸、哌唑嗪等物质已被FDA批准用于治疗高血压,距离临床转化十分近了。

如果能够在临床研究中也取得同样的成果,那么CAR-T疗法必将如虎添翼,可以说是功德无量啦!


儿茶酚胺就像是细胞因子风暴来临前的一个放大器~看到通讯作者Bert Vogelstein大神,BioTalker同志露出了迷弟的微笑

在这项研究之前,Bert们本来是在研究一种新的溶瘤细菌疗法。他们选中了一种名叫诺维氏芽孢梭菌(Clostridium novyi)的细菌,这是一种厌氧菌,研究者想可以利用它的厌氧特性对肿瘤的低氧环境进行追踪,并通过芽孢破坏肿瘤。

想法是挺好的,但是在实行的时候这种被命名为C.novyi-NT的疗法遇到了一个巨大的问题。细菌的使用量要随肿瘤负荷变化,每当遇到体积大的肿瘤就要使用大量的芽孢。一边是在芽孢作用下崩溃的肿瘤,一边是大量细菌造成的脓血症,实验动物体内细胞因子水平暴涨,往往过不了几天就一命呜呼,使用抗生素也是无济于事。

这对于一个新疗法来说就很致命了!研究者开始想办法抑制细胞因子。拮抗各种细胞因子的抗体轮番上阵,抗炎的地塞米松也用了,结果还是不行。研究者决定从改造细菌开始,说不定给它们转入一些抗炎蛋白的基因,能够从根源上减轻生物毒性呢!

这个想法倒是可行,尝试了一系列抗炎蛋白之后,研究者们发现,有一种叫做心钠肽(ANP)的蛋白能够在不影响溶瘤效果的前提下降低细胞因子水平,提高小鼠存活率。


无论是内源ANP还是注射ANP,都能保护小鼠远离CRS

ANP是一种心肌细胞分泌的小蛋白,能够维持电解质平衡,是一种常用的血压指标,此前也有研究证明ANP具有抗炎特性,能够减少脂多糖(LPS)诱导的细胞因子释放。

ANP的保护作用很明显。注射了ANP改造细菌的小鼠,血浆ANP水平是对照组的2-4倍,80%的小鼠都在治疗后存活,其中84%肿瘤完全溶解,对照组则全军覆没了。直接给接受C.novyi-NT治疗小鼠注射ANP效果也不错,75%小鼠存活,其中77%肿瘤完全溶解。

同时,这些有更多ANP的小鼠,组织损伤和炎症都更轻微,无关组织中浸润的免疫细胞更少,细胞因子水平也更低。实验结果在结肠癌和恶性胶质瘤两种癌症模型中都是一致的。

有趣的是,它们体内肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺等儿茶酚胺类物质水平也更低了。


细胞因子降了不奇怪,肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素也降了

此前,科学家认为ANP的抗炎作用与NF-κB通路有关,但是Bert们测试了相关蛋白抑制剂之后发现根本不是这么回事,所以他们自然而然地把目光转移到了儿茶酚胺上,毕竟以前有研究已经证实了,分泌细胞因子的主力——巨噬细胞,在受细菌刺激之后,本身既能够分泌儿茶酚胺、又能够受儿茶酚胺作用,这又反过来刺激了细胞因子的产生。

研究者们先是分别测试了几种儿茶酚胺类物质,发现原来是肾上腺素作怪。在LPS诱导的炎症小鼠中,注射肾上腺素会导致病情加重、死亡率增加,IL-6、TNF-α等细胞因子水平都有上升。而ANP,起到的正是限制儿茶酚胺合成的作用。

那事情就简单多了,儿茶酚胺合成的关键限速酶酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)早已有了克星α-甲基酪氨酸(MTR),用药拮抗就成了。在好几种感染动物模型中进行了实验之后,结果也是很令人欣喜,MTR的确可以对细菌感染造成的CRS起到很好的保护作用。


MTR和ANP都能够控制LPS诱导的CRS

事情到这里还没完。虽然本质类似,但是生物制剂造成的CRS和细菌感染造成的CRS是否能够一样获益还不好说。

这里研究者选了两种免疫疗法,其一是CD3抗体,也就是第一个单抗OKT3,其二就是万众瞩目的CAR-T了。使用CD3抗体很明显增加了儿茶酚胺的合成,MTR则能够抵消大部分合成增加和细胞因子水平升高,小鼠死亡率明显下降。

对CAR-T疗法效果也是不错。无论体内体外,MTR都能够降低CD19-CAR-T带来儿茶酚胺升高和细胞因子水平,ANP也能够达成类似的效果。

此外,研究者还测试了MTR对治疗效果的影响。实验结果显示,对不同的肿瘤荷量,MTR都不影响CAR-T的治疗效果。


研究者在移植后不同时间开始治疗,模拟不同肿瘤负荷,可见MTR并没有让CAR-T的治疗效果变差

《自然》杂志同期配发的评论总结道,儿茶酚胺就像是细胞因子风暴开始时释放的一个自我放大信号器,但是这个回路的细节还需要进一步的探索。

例如,免疫细胞的激活是怎么导致儿茶酚胺水平的增加的呢?儿茶酚胺又是如何促进细胞因子产生的呢?ANP是怎么抑制儿茶酚胺产生的呢?除此之外,多种多样的肾上腺素受体到底谁更重要,也是需要厘清的一个问题。

在免疫治疗变得越来越触手可及的现在,这项研究无疑是个好消息。研究中已证实有效的α-肾上腺素受体阻滞剂哌唑嗪是一种经典的降压药,MTR则可以用于治疗嗜铬细胞瘤患者的高血压

希望这些已经过临床验证的药物,能够在免疫治疗的领域也发光发热~

原始出处:Verena Staedtke, Ren-Yuan Bai, Kibem Kim, et al. Disruption of a self-amplifying catecholamine loop reduces cytokine release syndrome. Nature. 12 December 2018

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    2019-07-17 liye789132251
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    2019-05-18 仁心济世
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    2018-12-25 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-12-24 smartxiuxiu

    好的很

    0

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