Nature Genetics:巨脑回儿童基因突变的确定

2018-08-13 悠然 生物探索

巨脑回畸形是人类最严重的发育性脑缺陷疾病之一。大多数患者智力严重受损,自己无法走路或自理。被诊断患有此罕见疾病儿童的预期寿命仅为10年左右。近日,研究人员发现α-N-连环蛋白基因(又称CTNNA2)的突变或是引发该病的原因。

凯斯西储大学医学院遗传学助理教授Ashleigh Schaffer和全球遗传学专家团队发现了一种基因突变及其触发的错误发育过程,可以导致儿童脑功能紊乱。该研究结果以“Biallelic loss of human CTNNA2, encoding αN-catenin, leads to ARP2/3 complex overactivity and disordered cortical neuronal migration”为题发表在《Nature Genetics》杂志上,文章认为α-N-连环蛋白基因(又称CTNNA2)的突变促进细胞粘附并引发巨脑回畸形。

α-N-连环蛋白的突变

研究小组通过基因测序研究了受该疾病影响的三个巨脑回儿童的家庭,发现孩子CTNNA2基因的两个拷贝中都有突变,每个变异来自一个亲本,这一突变导致CTNNA2的丢失。

研究人员随后发现, CTNNA2会影响神经细胞如何从发育中的大脑的起源处迁移到最终的目的地,最终形成新大脑皮层——这一过程被称为神经元迁移。新大脑皮层控制语言、意识、感官知觉和其他重要功能;神经元迁移是许多细胞内信号通路介导的高度复杂过程。

该研究的第一作者 Schaffer说,“我们发现α-N-连环蛋白突变导致脓毒症是了解神经元发育如何受到调节的重要一步” 。

具体而言,在健康的大脑中,CTNNA2与肌动蛋白结合(肌动蛋白是一种控制细胞形状的蛋白质,可帮助神经元进入大脑皮质层内的正确位置)这种结合阻止了另一种称为ARP2 / 3的蛋白质本身与肌动蛋白的结合。但研究小组发现,当CTNNA2由于基因突变而缺失时,过量的ARP2 / 3与肌动蛋白结合,最终破坏了适当迁移和分支出神经细胞所需的机制。即生成物ARP2 / 3过活性导致过度分支,损害了神经元的生长和稳定性。这一发现提高了基因工程通过CRISPR-Cas9技术的可能性。

数十年来,我们已经知道肌动蛋白细胞骨架的协调调节对于脑内适当的神经元定位是至关重要的。(细胞骨架是蛋白质细丝和微管的网络,用于支撑细胞,使其成形。它还在分子运输、细胞分裂和细胞信号传递中起关键作用。)肌动蛋白细胞骨架如何在神经元的分子水平受到调节尚不完全清楚。而Schaffer及其同事的新成果有助于解决这一不足。

巨脑回大脑表面特征

除了揭示导致巨脑回的关键基因并描述其机制如何运作外,研究人员还发现了这种情况的变异。通常在巨脑回的情况下,大脑的前部或后部显示平滑,脑表面无皱纹。正常发育的大脑,这些区域是复杂的,在外观上类似于花椰菜。在研究的三个家庭中,研究人员发现大脑的前部和后部都很光滑。“这一独特特征使我们得出结论:一种新的基因,而不是以前与厚脑回有关的基因,才是罪魁祸首。事实证明也正是如此。”Schaffer说。

下一步

该团队将进一步探讨其研究结果对患有癫痫、孤独症和精神分裂症患者的CTNNA2基因单拷贝突变的影响。

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    2018-12-11 huperzia
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    2019-06-02 cy0324
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    2019-07-11 liye789132251
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    2019-06-08 heli0118
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听神经病谱系障碍(ANSD)主要表现为听觉神经活性的损伤,但是外听毛细胞功能保留。最近,有研究人员在一个中国ANSD家庭中检测了引起疾病的基因和变异。研究包括了一个具有血缘关系的4代中国ANSD家庭和200名不相关的健康对照。研究人员进行了外显子组测序和Sanger测序来鉴定ANSD的遗传偏向性。研究发现,外显子组测序在耳铁蛋白基因中发现了一个c.1236delC变异,并且是纯合状态。Sanger

JACC:胸主动脉瘤的遗传基因筛选

胸主动脉瘤是呈进展性的,且有发生主动脉夹层的风险。有高达25%的胸主动脉瘤患者拥有可遗传的基因变异。本研究的目的旨在通过临床基因组资源(ClinGen)来精确地识别导致遗传性胸主动脉瘤和夹层(HTAAD)的基因。本研究通过半定量的ClinGen框架来评估53个候选基因与HTAAD的相关性。如果一个基因与孤立性胸主动脉瘤相关,并且能引起主动脉的治疗和家系的筛选,那么该基因被归为HTAAD致病基因。根