Cell:低热量饮食能够扭转衰老对成体干细胞的影响,使其保持“年轻节奏”,或可延缓衰老

2017-08-11 王舒,王新凯 奇点网

就在今天,《Cell》杂志刊登了两篇关于昼夜节律与衰老的相关研究[1,2],指出在成体干细胞和肝脏中的昼夜节律并没有随着机体老化变得紊乱或消失,只是疲于应对机体老化的各种压力,这些原本发挥着巨大保护作用的昼夜节律发生了改变。研究同时指出,低卡路里的饮食可以恢复这种变化,并且有效延缓衰老。

上周奇点糕写过一篇轻断食的文章,指出轻断食或许能让我们活得更久,其中有一条评论说:下回,当再看到有同伴控制不住大吃大喝时,可以温柔的提醒他一句,少吃一点,真的是为了你好哦。

就在今天,《Cell》杂志刊登了两篇关于昼夜节律与衰老的相关研究[1,2],指出在成体干细胞和肝脏中的昼夜节律并没有随着机体老化变得紊乱或消失,只是疲于应对机体老化的各种压力,这些原本发挥着巨大保护作用的昼夜节律发生了改变。研究同时指出,低卡路里的饮食可以恢复这种变化,并且有效延缓衰老。


图片来源于:IRB Barcelona

昼夜节律,通俗来讲就是生命活动在24小时周期内发生的节律性变化。昼夜节律在几乎所有的生物体中都参与控制了一些基本的生理功能。有研究发现,成体干细胞及其祖细胞的活动,就处于昼夜节律的强大控制之下。例如,在皮肤中昼夜节律能够调节毛囊干细胞的激活或休眠,从而在时间上决定了干细胞增殖和分化的最佳时机。

为什么要这样呢?道理其实也很简单,就是为了保护DNA复制和避免细胞增殖受到不利环境的影响。毕竟白天皮肤还要面临各种不利的环境暴露。

类似这种能够预期昼夜环境变化,并作出相应节律性调节的“生命时钟”,在机体中广泛存在。这对机体的代谢和稳态十分重要,因为一旦节律发生改变,就可能对人体健康产生不同程度的影响。


图片来源于:IRB Barcelona

但是,岁月不饶人。在过去的很多年中,科学家们认为这种身体内部的昼夜节律会随着我们机体的老化而逐渐紊乱或消失。但是,只是认为是这样。西班牙巴塞罗那和美国加利福尼亚的研究团队在Salvador Aznar Benitah博士的带领下,决定进一步探究衰老对昼夜节律的具体影响。

在试验中,研究人员对比了年轻小鼠(3个月)和老年小鼠(18-22个月)身上的两种不同组织的干细胞:表皮干细胞和骨骼肌干细胞,因为它们代表了干细胞的两种极端类型:表皮干细胞几乎在不间断地增殖,而骨骼肌干细胞通常保持静止,除非遇到肌肉纤维损伤。


图片来源于:IRB Barcelona

研究人员发现,那些在昼夜节律正常的年轻小鼠表皮干细胞里有节律表达的基因,76%在老年小鼠表皮细胞中都不规律了;同样的,那些在昼夜节律正常的年轻小鼠表骨骼肌干细胞里有节律表达的基因,72%在老年小鼠骨骼肌干细胞中都不规律了。

而且,在老年小鼠的干细胞内出现了大量新的按照昼夜节律表达的基因,它们在年轻小鼠的干细胞内是不存在的。这就意味着,老年小鼠的干细胞还保持着昼夜节奏,只不过换了一大波基因。也就是说,衰老干细胞的昼夜节律和年轻的干细胞是一样的,不同的是它们激活的基因发生了变化。


图片来源于:IRB Barcelona

这一差异到底意味着什么呢?研究人员发现,在年轻小鼠的身上,昼夜节律机制触发的是正常细胞功能,例如调节DNA复制、表皮发育、角化细胞分化、伤口愈合和细胞自噬等;而在老年小鼠中,昼夜节律的机制会让细胞生产更多应对机体老化压力的蛋白质,例如修复DNA的损伤。这些改变虽然是为了应对衰老压力,但在某种程度上来说导致了更大的损伤和衰老。

在另一篇发表在《Cell》的研究中,研究人员同样发现,昼夜节律下肝脏的代谢途径随着机体老化,也不得不做出重新调整。


图片来源于:IRB Barcelona

虽然目前,科学家们还不知道这种变化是如何发生的,但是他们都发现控制饮食是恢复这种改变的一个关键因素。这不禁让奇点糕想到电影《千与千寻》中,主角千寻看到父母进神社后疯狂大吃时,那想要的劝诫情景。

其实,早在2010年就有研究表明,限制卡路里的饮食能够延长很多生物的寿命。同时,限制饮食也能够提高成体干细胞的功能,包括老体骨骼肌干细胞的再生能力。

为了研究卡路里限制是否会对干细胞在衰老期间的节律活动有影响,研究人员对不控制饮食的老年小鼠(60周)和同龄但饮食限制30%卡路里的小鼠,进行了为期25周的对比观察。

结果显示,除去体重的减少,被限制饮食的小鼠表皮和肌肉相关的衰老特征都出现显著改善,比如角质层包膜厚度减少、皮毛粗度增加,以及拥有更多的骨骼肌干细胞。


图片来源于:IRB Barcelona

更令人吃惊的是,热量限制饮食小鼠的衰老骨骼肌干细胞内,涉及炎症或线粒体DNA修复的基因不再有规律的转录,而那些与细胞自我平衡相关的基因开始有规律的转录了。换句话说,低卡路里饮食使得小鼠衰老的干细胞恢复到和年轻干细胞功能相似的状态,从而延缓衰老。

Aznar Benitah解释说,低热量饮食大大有助于防止生理衰老的影响,保持干细胞“年轻”的节奏。但是研究人员也表示,低热量饮食是否会在人类身上减缓衰老目前还是不确定的。重要的是需要进一步探究新陈代谢对干细胞衰老过程产生的影响,一旦发现促进或延缓衰老的联系,就可以开发基于调节这种联系的治疗方法。

原始出处:

[1]Guiomar Solanas, Francisca Oliveira Peixoto,Eusebio Perdiguero,et.al.Aged Stem Cells Reprogram Their Daily Rhythmic Functions to Adapt to Stress.VOLUME 170, ISSUE 4, P678–692.E20, 10 AUGUST 2017
[2]Shogo Sato,Guiomar Solanas,Francisca Oliveira Peixoto,et.al.Circadian Reprogramming in the Liver Identifies Metabolic Pathways of Aging. VOLUME 170, ISSUE 4, P664–677.E11, 10 AUGUST 2017

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    2018-03-07 维他命
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