从Protect-AF研究看左心耳封堵术用于房颤患者血栓栓塞的未来

2014-07-31 潘文志 周达新 葛均波 365heart

左心耳封堵术(Left Atrial Appendage ocllusion,LAAO)是近年来发展的通过微创导管术封堵左心耳、以达到预防心房颤动(房颤)患者血栓栓塞的新技术。Protect-AF研究是关于LAAO的第一个随机对照研究,和既往的研究有很大不同:首先是既往研究都是非对照研究,和该研究是对比LAAO和华法林治疗的随机对照研究;其次,既往的研究入选的是抗凝禁忌或者是抗凝风险高的患者,

左心耳封堵术(Left Atrial Appendage ocllusion,LAAO)是近年来发展的通过微创导管术封堵左心耳、以达到预防心房颤动(房颤)患者血栓栓塞的新技术。Protect-AF研究是关于LAAO的第一个随机对照研究,和既往的研究有很大不同:首先是既往研究都是非对照研究,和该研究是对比LAAO和华法林治疗的随机对照研究;其次,既往的研究入选的是抗凝禁忌或者是抗凝风险高的患者,而本研究入选的是可以耐受抗凝的普通患者。Protect-AF 研究由Mayo医学中心牵头,入选时间为2005年-2008年,中期的研究结果发表在2009年Lancet 上。共入选美国和欧洲的59个研究中的707例房颤患者(CHADS2>1分),以2:1方式分配到LAAO组(使用Watchman器)及口服华法林组。首要有效终点是中风、心血管死亡或体循环栓塞的复合终点,首要的安全终点大出血、心包积液和器械栓塞。研究结果表明,LAAO组在有效终点方面不劣于华法林[3.0/(100 人年)vs 4.9 (100人年)],但安全性终点发生率较高[7.4/(100 人年) vs 4.4/(100 人年)]。LAAO组手术并发症发生率较高(心包积液4.8%、装置栓塞0.6%、大出血3.5%,操作相关卒中1.1%),而华法林组大出血(4.1%)及颅内出血发生概率较高(2.5%)。该研究显示,LAAO的在有效性上令人满意,但仍有一定手术并发症。

和所有的介入技术一样,左心耳封堵也是有学习曲线,随着术者经验和器械的改进的积累,手术的并发症必然会降低。Protect-AF 研究的后续注册研究证实了该观点。研究分析纳入的队列为PROTECT AF试验中接受LAAO的患者(n=542)和接受Watchman装置置入的后续非随机注册患者(CAP注册研究,n=460)。安全性终点包括出血及手术相关事件(心包积液、卒中、装置栓塞)。研究结果显示,CAP注册研究术后7天内的手术或装置相关安全事件发生率较Protect-AF 研究已显著降低(由7.7%降至3.7%,P=0.007),其中,严重心包积液发生率由5.0%降至2.2%(P=0.019),手术相关卒中方面由0.9%降至0%(P=0.039)。

近期,PROTECT AF试验发布了长期的随访及进一步分析结果。患者平均随访(2.3±1.1)年,469例患者(66.3%)至少完成了2年观测。采用意向性治疗原则(ITT)分析时,左心耳封堵组和华法林组首要有效终点分别为(卒中、系统性栓塞和心源性死亡)发生率为3.0%和4.3%,符合非劣性检验标准(>0.99);主要安全性终点左心耳封堵组高于华法林组(5.5% VS. 3.6%;OR:1.53)。但是,采用符合方案集(PP)分析时(剔除69例放弃手术者和41例器械植入失败患者),LAAO组首要有效终点方面上优于华法林组(2.5% vs 4.3%)。由于PROTECT AF试验LAAO组术后先要服药45天的华法林及5月的双联抗血小板治疗,研究者进一步分析了停药之后两组有效终点区别。结果显示,即使在停用华法林后,LAAO组首要有效终点方面上仍优于华法林组(2.3% vs 4.1%);在停用双联抗血小板治疗后,LAAO组首要有效终点方面上也是优于华法林组(2.3% vs 4.1%)。该结果首次显示,左心耳封堵在预防栓塞的有效性方面优于华法林。亚组分析还显示,对于有过中风或短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)患者,无论是采用ITT分析还是PP分析,LAAO在预防栓塞的有效性方面明显优于华法林(5.3% vs 8.2%)。

目前,LAAO比较公认适应证为抗凝禁忌或者抗凝风险高(出血风险高)的慢性房颤患者,具体为:①房颤发生时间>3个月,持续性房颤,或是长期持续性和永久性房颤患者(非风湿性瓣膜病所致);②CHADS2-VAS评分≥2分;③有华法林应用禁忌证或无法长期服用华法林,或者HAS-BLED评分≥3分。2012 ESC/AHA/ACC房颤管理指南提出,对于不能长期接受任何一种口服抗凝药治疗的血栓风险患者,可行经导管左心耳封堵术(IIb,B)。然而,这些标准是建立在过去LAAO技术相对不成熟研究的基础上。目前,LAAO的技术已较前改进,PROTECT AF后续研究已显示相关的并发症发生概率已下降。另外,PROTECT AF试验进一步分析显示,LAAO效果可能优于华法林治疗,特别是对于已发生卒中者。这些结果提示,随着LAAO技术的提供及研究证据的积累,LAAO的技术也可能成为可耐受抗凝或出血风险不高的普通房颤患者治疗手段。 目前,房颤性脑中风的药物预防主要是依靠口服华法林,但长期口服华法林存在诸多问题。而一些新型抗凝药物价格高,疗效并非完美,出血并发症仍不能避免。近十多年来,房颤的射频消融治疗被广泛接受。但这一治疗的成功率不高(阵发性房颤约80%,慢性、永久性房颤不到50%),有些患者需要反复多次射频消融,房颤消融成功率在短期内很难再有突破。笔者预测,在不久将来,阵发性房颤可能仍首选射频消融,而LAAO则有可能成为长程持续性或永久性房颤患者可选择的常规治疗手段。

原始出处:
Alli O, Doshi S, Kar S, Reddy V, Sievert H, Mullin C, Swarup V, Whisenant B, Holmes D Jr.Quality of life assessment in the randomized PROTECT AF (Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage Versus Warfarin Therapy for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) trial of patients at risk for stroke with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Apr 30;61(17):1790-8

Cully M.Atrial fibrillation: Long-term follow-up from PROTECT AF trial reported.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013 Mar;10(3):120.


Reddy VY, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, Neuzil P, Huber K, Halperin JL, Holmes D; PROTECT AF Investigators.Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure for stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: 2.3-Year Follow-up of the PROTECT AF (Watchman Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) Trial

Circulation. 2013 Feb 12;127(6):720-9.

Viles-Gonzalez JF, Kar S, Douglas P, Dukkipati S, Feldman T, Horton R, Holmes D, Reddy VY.The clinical impact of incomplete left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman Device in patients with atrial fibrillation: a PROTECT AF (Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage Versus Warfarin Therapy for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) substudy.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Mar 6;59(10):923-9

Reddy VY, Holmes D, Doshi SK, Neuzil P, Kar S.Safety of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: results from the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients with AF (PROTECT AF) clinical trial and the Continued Access Registry.Circulation. 2011 Feb 1;123(4):417-24

Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, Mullin CM, Sick P; PROTECT AF Investigators.Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial.Lancet. 2009 Aug 15;374(9689):534-42

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    2014-09-28 ycmayy
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    2014-12-06 shock_melon
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    2014-08-02 jxrzshh
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    2014-08-02 sunylz
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