J Clin Endocrinol Metab:吃早餐前先锻炼,不仅减脂还能降血糖!效果杠杠的

2019-11-05 关山月 医学界内分泌频道

到底是空腹锻炼还是先吃早饭后锻炼的效果好?这场争论已经持续了好几年。认为应当先吃早饭后锻炼的这派人认为,锻炼前先进食能升高血糖水平,给身体提供足够的燃料,从而增加锻炼的强度和持续时间。这样做还能防止疲劳和头晕。认为应当先锻炼后吃早饭的另一派人认为,空腹锻炼能燃烧更多的脂肪。

到底是空腹锻炼还是先吃早饭后锻炼的效果好?这场争论已经持续了好几年。认为应当先吃早饭后锻炼的这派人认为,锻炼前先进食能升高血糖水平,给身体提供足够的燃料,从而增加锻炼的强度和持续时间。这样做还能防止疲劳和头晕。认为应当先锻炼后吃早饭的另一派人认为,空腹锻炼能燃烧更多的脂肪。

从2010年至今,至少有三项研究成果支持了后一种观点。

空腹锻炼有助于控制血糖水平

英国巴斯大学、伯明翰大学、澳大利亚新南威尔士大学和波兰比亚斯托克医科大学等机构的研究者近日发现,

通过改变吃饭和锻炼的时间,超重人群可以更好地控制血糖水平。

研究人员选取了30名超重或肥胖的男性,要求他们参加为期六周的试验。一组人(12名)先吃早饭后锻炼,另一组人(9名)先锻炼后吃早饭,还有一组人(9名)作为对照组,他们不对生活方式进行调整。前两组人的训练内容(进行30~50分钟中等强度的骑车锻炼,达到峰值功率输出的55%)相同,食物摄入量也相当。

肌肉活检分析结果显示,吃早餐前锻炼的人消耗的脂肪是早餐后锻炼者的2倍。脂肪消耗的增加主要是由于禁食一整夜后参与者在运动过程中的胰岛素水平降低,这意味着他们可以使用储存的碳水化合物和脂肪细胞作为燃料。

此外,吃早餐前锻炼的人肌肉中显示出了更多的关键蛋白质,特别是那些参与将葡萄糖从血液输送到肌肉的蛋白质(如葡萄糖转运蛋白-4,它是一类调控细胞外葡萄糖进入细胞内的跨膜蛋白家族,参与糖代谢、炎性反应和免疫应答等过程,英文简称GLUT4)。

虽然三组参与者在六周内的体重下降并不存在显着差异,但空腹锻炼组参与者的总体健康水平发生了深刻和积极的变化,因为他们的肌肉能够更好地对胰岛素产生反应,这就有助于保持血糖水平稳定,增强体适能,降低患糖尿病和心脏病的风险。

发表在《临床内分泌与代谢杂志》上的这项研究成果表明,在一整夜禁食后运动可以增加锻炼对超重人群的健康益处。

空腹锻炼减脂效果好

英国科学家在2017年发现,空腹锻炼有助于燃烧更多的体脂,促进代谢,在长期内更有利于健康。

英国巴斯大学的研究人员选取了10名超重的男性参与者。一组参与者在空腹状态下以最大耗氧量60%的强度步行60分钟,另一组参与者则在食用了富含碳水化合物的高热量早餐后2小时以同样的强度步行。

血液和脂肪组织分析样本结果显示,两组参与者的脂肪组织基因表达差异非常大。在人体糖和脂肪代谢过程中起到重要作用的PDK4和HSL基因的表达在参与者空腹锻炼时增强,饭后锻炼时则下降。

研究人员解释说,PDK4基因表达增强表明身体中储存的脂肪而不是新近摄入的碳水化合物为新陈代谢提供能量;HSL基因表达增强一般则发生在脂肪组织为运动提供额外能量时。

发表在《美国生理-内分泌与代谢杂志》上的这项研究成果认为,进食后锻炼,脂肪组织会忙于对食物做出反应而不会产生有益的变化;而空腹锻炼能让脂肪组织产生有益的变化,对提升长期健康效果更佳。

空腹锻炼改善葡萄糖耐量

比利时鲁汶大学的研究者在2010年选取了27名身体健康、平时爱运动的男性,他们的年龄在18~25岁之间。研究人员将他们分为三组,7人作为对照组(不运动),另外两组人(各10名)在早晨进行艰苦的锻炼(跑步和骑车),每周4次,持续6周;其中一组人先吃早饭,另一组人先锻炼。

发表在《生理学杂志》上的研究结果显示,不锻炼的男性体重增加,先吃早饭后锻炼的男性体重也增加了;然而,只有空腹锻炼的男性保持了稳定的体重,减去了更多的脂肪,血糖水平平稳,葡萄糖耐量也得到了改善。


上述这三项研究的局限之处在于它们只纳入了男性,因此对于想要获得类似健康提升效果的女性来说有些缺乏说服力。未来的研究将在女性群体中验证上述发现,即女性是否能像男性一样从空腹锻炼中受益。

我们能从这三项研究中得到什么启示呢?

很明显,要想得出确切的结论,还需要进行样本量更大和更深入全面的研究。

市面上有很多神奇的、似乎毫不费力的燃脂神方,比如药片、贴剂、补品和超级食品……然而,“躺着就能瘦下来”只是白日做梦而已。从已有的研究结果可以推断出,空腹锻炼更有益于整体健康,即使这样做并不总是能减轻体重和缩短腰围,但减脂、控血糖和改善葡萄糖耐量的效果是实打实的。

如果你真的打算空腹锻炼,可以采用美国花样滑冰协会总结的窍门和4R原则,它们能防止肌肉组织被分解。

4R原则是:

补水         (rehydrate)
补充电解质(replenish)
恢复         (repair)
加强         (reinforce)

也就是说,即使空腹锻炼,也要在运动过程中喝水或运动饮料。在锻炼结束后的10~15分钟内食用高质量的早餐(碳水化合物与高品质蛋白质的比例为4:1)。例如,你可以选择水果、什锦果仁配低脂酸奶,或用香蕉配花生酱。

原始出处:
Edinburgh RM1, Bradley HE2, Abdullah NF2,3, et al.Lipid metabolism links nutrient-exercise timing to insulin sensitivity in men classified as overweight or obese.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Oct 19. pii: dgz104. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz104. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2020-08-12 一闲
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    2019-11-07 lujian
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896573, encodeId=6d6418965e3d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 16:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648743, encodeId=69be1648e437e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79ad9820ef7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降血糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98207, encryptionId=79ad9820ef7, topicName=降血糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a53c23663172, createdName=yangeasy, createdTime=Mon May 11 03:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554971, encodeId=e0c515549e1f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d22831281d5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#减脂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31281, encryptionId=d22831281d5, topicName=减脂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5cbb14571349, createdName=lujian, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601622, encodeId=f37816016226d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23ce5951642' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早餐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59516, encryptionId=23ce5951642, topicName=早餐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888085, encodeId=d4da18880858c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Sun May 03 21:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046941, encodeId=0fa91046941c9, content=疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1050320, encodeId=97361050320a4, content=运动锻炼应该是健康第一要素,对各类疾病都应该有益。但是国内这方面研究太少, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=jingjing, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896573, encodeId=6d6418965e3d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 16:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648743, encodeId=69be1648e437e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79ad9820ef7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降血糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98207, encryptionId=79ad9820ef7, topicName=降血糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a53c23663172, createdName=yangeasy, createdTime=Mon May 11 03:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554971, encodeId=e0c515549e1f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d22831281d5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#减脂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31281, encryptionId=d22831281d5, topicName=减脂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5cbb14571349, createdName=lujian, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601622, encodeId=f37816016226d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23ce5951642' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早餐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59516, encryptionId=23ce5951642, topicName=早餐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888085, encodeId=d4da18880858c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Sun May 03 21:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046941, encodeId=0fa91046941c9, content=疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1050320, encodeId=97361050320a4, content=运动锻炼应该是健康第一要素,对各类疾病都应该有益。但是国内这方面研究太少, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=jingjing, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-05-03 guojianrong
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896573, encodeId=6d6418965e3d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 16:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648743, encodeId=69be1648e437e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79ad9820ef7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降血糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98207, encryptionId=79ad9820ef7, topicName=降血糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a53c23663172, createdName=yangeasy, createdTime=Mon May 11 03:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554971, encodeId=e0c515549e1f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d22831281d5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#减脂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31281, encryptionId=d22831281d5, topicName=减脂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5cbb14571349, createdName=lujian, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601622, encodeId=f37816016226d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23ce5951642' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早餐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59516, encryptionId=23ce5951642, topicName=早餐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888085, encodeId=d4da18880858c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Sun May 03 21:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046941, encodeId=0fa91046941c9, content=疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1050320, encodeId=97361050320a4, content=运动锻炼应该是健康第一要素,对各类疾病都应该有益。但是国内这方面研究太少, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=jingjing, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-05 CHANGE

    疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896573, encodeId=6d6418965e3d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 16:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648743, encodeId=69be1648e437e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79ad9820ef7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降血糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98207, encryptionId=79ad9820ef7, topicName=降血糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a53c23663172, createdName=yangeasy, createdTime=Mon May 11 03:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554971, encodeId=e0c515549e1f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d22831281d5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#减脂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31281, encryptionId=d22831281d5, topicName=减脂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5cbb14571349, createdName=lujian, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601622, encodeId=f37816016226d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23ce5951642' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早餐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59516, encryptionId=23ce5951642, topicName=早餐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Thu Nov 07 06:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888085, encodeId=d4da18880858c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Sun May 03 21:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1046941, encodeId=0fa91046941c9, content=疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1050320, encodeId=97361050320a4, content=运动锻炼应该是健康第一要素,对各类疾病都应该有益。但是国内这方面研究太少, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=jingjing, createdTime=Tue Nov 05 18:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-05 jingjing

    运动锻炼应该是健康第一要素,对各类疾病都应该有益。但是国内这方面研究太少

    0