Nat Gene:儿童癌症元凶,染色体外环状DNA?

2019-12-18 Blake 转化医学网

随着时间的推移,癌症的发展与DNA缺陷的逐渐积累有关。因此,癌症被认为是一种与年龄有关的疾病。但是儿童为什么会患癌症呢?近日,由夏里特医学院和纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心组成的一个国际研究小组发现,染色体外环状DNA可从基因组分离和整合,可能导致一些基因被破坏,促进儿童癌症的发展。同时研究人员首次绘制了环状DNA的详细图谱,并有望用于儿童癌症的诊断。该研究发表在近日的《Nature Genetics》

随着时间的推移,癌症的发展与DNA缺陷的逐渐积累有关。因此,癌症被认为是一种与年龄有关的疾病。但是儿童为什么会患癌症呢?近日,由夏里特医学院和纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心组成的一个国际研究小组发现,染色体外环状DNA可从基因组分离和整合,可能导致一些基因被破坏,促进儿童癌症的发展。同时研究人员首次绘制了环状DNA的详细图谱,并有望用于儿童癌症的诊断。该研究发表在近日的《Nature Genetics》期刊上。



随着年龄的增加,一些化学、物理和生物的因素对基因组的损伤逐渐累积,进而导致癌症发病率的升高。这种现象也与癌症的基因突变理论一致。

然而,衰老致癌并不能解释儿童癌症。那么,儿童癌症是由什么引起的?近日,夏里特医学院和纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心的一个国际研究小组发现,染色体外环状DNA (extrachromosomal circular DNA, eccDNA)可从基因组中分离和整合,破坏基因组中基因的完整性,从而有助于癌症的发展。

早在1965年,就有研究人员发现了这些染色体外环状DNA片段。正常遗传信息是以染色体的形式存在,因此这些环状DNA并没有被看作正常遗传信息的一部分,它们被称为体外循环DNA。但科学家对其功能的了解仍然相对较少,主要是因为当时缺乏相关的分析技术。在该研究中,研究人员将最先进的测序技术与开创性的生物信息学算法结合起来,首次在神经母细胞瘤(一种主要发生在小儿的致命肿瘤)中进行详细的环状DNA序列分析。


神经母细胞瘤细胞DNA染色:染色体(蓝色)之间有很多小的DNA环(绿色)。红色为着丝粒
 
通过与西班牙巴塞罗那超级计算中心合作,研究人员分析了93名儿童的神经母细胞瘤组织样本。他们发现,染色体外环状DNA的普遍性和多样性远远高于人们的预期。


神经母细胞瘤环状DNA基因组图谱

结果显示,每个组织样本平均含有5000个环状DNA拷贝。DNA测序结果表明一些特定的DNA片段会从染色体上分离出来形成环状DNA,然后会重新整合到染色体上的其它位置。这种分离和整合的过程可能会破坏基因组序列完整性,进而导致癌症。

同时,研究还发现某些类型的染色体外环状DNA可能加速神经母细胞瘤的生长。因此,对这些环状DNA的检测有助于预测疾病进程。此外,儿童肿瘤基因组相对稳定,在儿童肿瘤中研究染色体外环状DNA,可能有助于阐明以前在更复杂的成人癌症中忽略的类似机制。鉴于近期环状DNA在正常和病理情况下的研究备受关注,该研究有助于对其它癌症及相关临床结果的分析。

这些研究结果为儿童癌症的发病机理研究提供了一个方向,同时也有望成为癌症的诊断标志。目前,该研究小组正计划进行一项后续研究,以验证染色体外环状DNA在癌症诊断上的有效性。

原始出处:

Koche, R.P., Rodriguez-Fos, E., Helmsauer, K. et al. Extrachromosomal circular DNA drives oncogenic genome remodeling in neuroblastoma. Nat Genet (2019) 

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    2020-01-06 liye789132251
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    2020-06-16 cy0324
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过敏性鼻炎是鼻呼吸道的一种过敏性炎症,并且慢性鼻窦炎是鼻窦炎症疾病。该疾病可以通过感染、过敏或者自身免疫问题诱导产生。这两种疾病的诊断主要是通过临床症状,过敏原测试和成像来诊断。过敏原测试是非侵入的但较为昂贵。成像测试对儿童来讲较为困难。鼻一氧化氮(NNO)的测量时非侵入的,且没有辐射,花费较少。最近,有研究人员评估了NNO在鼻炎症疾病学龄前儿童中的临床意义。研究包括了55名过敏性鼻炎儿童,包括了

Blood:达比加群用于高凝风险儿童预防继发性VTE

中心点:采用达比加群(dabigatran)儿科配方预防继发性VTE的患儿,很少会出现复发性VTE。在使用达比加群进行继发性静脉血栓栓塞的预防时,很少有儿童发生大出血或临床相关的非大出血事件。摘要:本研究是一个开放性的单臂的前瞻性队列试验,也是第一个关于儿童采用达比加群预防继发性静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)预后的3期安全性试验。招募12-18岁(第一层)、2-12岁(第二层)和3个月-2岁(第三层)的采

Eur Respir J:妊娠期间地中海饮食与儿童呼吸道和特应性结局

由此可见,该结果表明妊娠期间MD依从性可能与增加儿童小气道功能相关,但没有发现其降低哮喘或其他变态反应风险的证据。

Hypertension:PM1与儿童高血压

由此可见,这项研究首次提供了证据,表明长期暴露于PM1与儿童高血压有关,并且PM1可能是PM2.5导致高血压的主要因素。研究人员和政策制定者应更加关注PM1的潜在健康效应。