Cell:利用小RNA制造完美的卵子

2016-03-31 佚名 生物谷

所有有性繁殖的多细胞生物依赖于卵子支撑早期生命。在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学院和路德维格癌症研究所(Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research)的研究人员利用细小的秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)作为模式生物开展研究以便更好地理解卵子如何能够发育成胚胎。他们揭示出小RNA和辅助蛋白在微调卵子发育中发挥着作用。相关

所有有性繁殖的多细胞生物依赖于卵子支撑早期生命。在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学院和路德维格癌症研究所(Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research)的研究人员利用细小的秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)作为模式生物开展研究以便更好地理解卵子如何能够发育成胚胎。他们揭示出小RNA和辅助蛋白在微调卵子发育中发挥着作用。相关研究结果于2016年3月24日在线发表在Cell期刊上,论文标题为“A Small RNA-Catalytic Argonaute Pathway Tunes Germline Transcript Levels to Ensure Embryonic Divisions”。

加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学院教授Arshad Desai博士说,“卵子不同于其他的增殖细胞,后者是在分裂之前利用营养物增加细胞质量。比如,青蛙卵子无需生长,通过简单地分裂为越来越小的细胞制造出大约3000个细胞。我们感兴趣的是卵子是如何能够做到这一点的。”

随着人们对小RNA和它们如何影响细胞功能的认识越来越多,这项研究证实小RNA和一种被称作Argonaute的酶一起合作,有助制造出完好的秀丽隐杆线虫卵子。这项研究基于早前的一项研究---证实一种特异性的被称作CSR-1的Argonaute影响卵子受精后发生的胚胎首次分裂时的染色体分配。

之前的研究已提示着CSR-1通过有助确定着丝粒---染色体上的特定区域,在分裂期间协助它们分配---的界限而影响细胞分裂。然而,在这项研究中,研究人员发现在早期胚胎中,CSR-1并不控制着丝粒形成。相反,他们发现CSR-1是纺锤体形成所必不可少的,其中纺锤体是当单个细胞分裂为两个子细胞时分配染色体的细胞机构。

纺锤体是由被称作微管的微小蛋白纤维束组成的。纺锤体微管连接到染色体的着丝粒区域,从而有助将它们拉离开来。当Desai团队从细胞中移除CSR-1酶时,他们观察到纺锤体存在缺陷。他们这种缺陷是由于另一种降解微管的解聚酶驱动蛋白-13(kinesin-13)过量表达导致的。

这一发现导致研究人员进一步研究CSR-1和相关的小RNA在微调卵子组成中发挥的作用。他们发现小RNA指导CSR-1靶向作用于信号RNA(mRNA),然后CSR-1切割这种mRNA。这种mRNA产生的蛋白有助制造卵子。通过改变小RNA结合到酶CSR-1上的数量,卵子能够精确地调整自己的组成,从而有助支持胚胎发育。

尽管CSR-1只存在线虫体内,但是小鼠也使用Argonaute蛋白和小RNA控制它们的卵子组成。

论文第一作者、Desai实验室博士后研究员Adina Gerson-Gurwitz博士说,“鉴于卵子基因组必须保持不受约束的状态而能够产生有机体中所有不同类型的组织,因此卵子需要一种特殊的方法控制它们所储存的物质产生,以便促进胚胎发育。我们的研究提示着这是通过一种小RNA- Argonaute系统实现的。”

原始出处:

Adina Gerson-Gurwitz, Shaohe Wang, Shashank Sathe,et al.A Small RNA-Catalytic Argonaute Pathway Tunes Germline Transcript Levels to Ensure Embryonic Divisions.Cell.24 March 2016.

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    2016-10-26 维他命
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    2016-04-02 zlawrance
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    2016-04-02 花花1372

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