盘点:Nature近期十大研究进展

2015-11-09 佚名 生物谷

Nature杂志推荐的2015年10月7日-2015年11月6日最受关注的十项研究进展介绍如下。 1. 研究人类脑功能的方法 这项研究通过Neurovault.org数据库分享的529个数据集获得的统计图的轴向投影,采用“独立成分分析”将其按照它们的投影排列到一个二维空间中。对人脑功能的研究受到媒体很大关注,但重要的是,要意识到所采用方法本身以及它们应用方式固有的局限性。在这篇Revi

Nature杂志推荐的2015年10月7日-2015年11月6日最受关注的十项研究进展介绍如下。

1. 研究人类脑功能的方法

这项研究通过Neurovault.org数据库分享的529个数据集获得的统计图的轴向投影,采用“独立成分分析”将其按照它们的投影排列到一个二维空间中。对人脑功能的研究受到媒体很大关注,但重要的是,要意识到所采用方法本身以及它们应用方式固有的局限性。在这篇Review文章中,Russell Poldrack 和Martha Farah对目前用来研究人类脑功能的方法进行了分析,重点关注有关思想的神经基础的研究,同时还讨论了这些方法用来验证有关因果机制的假说的能力。他们还思考了人类神经科学在现实中的几个当前和潜在的应用以及其中所涉及的挑战。

原文来自: Progress and challenges in probing the human brain

doi: 10.1038/nature15692 

2. 母亲身体状况与后代性别比例

1973年,Robert Trivers和Dan Willard发表了一篇关于生命史策略的有影响的论文, 在其中他们预测,身体状况比较好的母亲所生儿子会比较多,而身体状况比较差的母亲所生女儿会比较多。虽然这一理论被以各种方式进行了延伸和改进,但它却几乎没有得到经验支持。在这篇论文中,Susanne Schindler 等人显示,这可能是因为以前的研究没有将该理论针对的一雄多雌的、二态性的物种典型的雄性较高的死亡率考虑进去。他们对原始理论进行了延伸,以将两性之间在死亡率、年龄特定性生殖策略和生命史策略上的差别考虑进去,发现根据母亲状况,与后代性别比例之间的关联性这一个因素,还不足以得出母亲从适应角度会调整后代性别比例的结论。

原文来自:Sex‐specific demography and generalization of the Trivers–Willard theory

doi: 10.1038/nature14968 

研究成果难做到完全重现(图片来源:www.nature.com)

3. 研究成果不可再现性问题系列报道之一:怎样减小观测偏差

研究成果需要能够重复和确证,这是科学过程至关重要的一部分。但当今所采用的系统和方法的复杂性使得编辑和审稿人对于某项研究成果是否经得起时间的考验更难有把握了。作为关于研究成果不可再现性问题系列报道的一部分,本期Nature 发表了两篇关于怎样减小观测偏差的文章。在 Comment 文章中,Robert MacCoun 和 Saul Perlmutter认为,更多学科(如粒子物理学)应当采用“盲分析”(blind analysis)方法。在一篇News Feature文章中,Regina Nuzzo介绍了目前被有关研究人员用来应对科学家和任何其他人一样都会表现出来的一个人性特点的一系列办法 ,这个人性特点就是“自欺欺人”。Nature杂志关于研究成果可再现性的专刊的网址是:go.nature.com/huhbyr。

原文来自:Let’s think about cognitive bias

doi: 10.1038/526163a

4. 记忆提取的定向控制

人们最近已经开始研究海马体中的神经元集群怎样编码和再激活记忆了,但对该皮层中假设存在的“top-down”输入信号可能会怎样影响记忆过程,相对来说了解很少。在这项研究中,Karl Deisseroth及同事用新的工具和策略,来识别来自海马体的前扣带回(前额皮层的一部分)的一种稀疏神经元投射。当被激活时,这些投射能引发小鼠的记忆提取。

原文来自:Projections from neocortex mediate top-down control of memory retrieval

doi: 10.1038/nature15389 

5. 微生物合作的一个新机制

海洋沉积物中甲烷的厌氧氧化(对全球甲烷循环有重要意义),是由甲烷氧化古菌和能产生硫酸盐的细菌,共同完成的一个协作过程。我们对这种互养关系的生化基础还不是完全了解。人们曾提出,一种可溶性代谢物,在合作的微生物之间的交换,是必不可少的,但在本期Nature上发表论文的两个小组对这种观点提出了质疑。Victoria Orphan及同事在单细胞层面上,对来自从位于西北太平洋中一个活动甲烷渗出泉取样的沉积物,所制备的微生物混合体中的生物合成活性,做了相关研究。他们发现,细胞活动是独立于互养伙伴之间的距离的,这与涉及中间体短距离扩散的一个模型是不一致的。实际上,古菌与细菌之间的直接电子转移,才是它们相互作用的一个核心机制。Gunter Wegener等人发现,从来自加利福尼亚湾的Guaymas Basin的热液喷孔沉积物中,获取的微生物样本中的物种间电子交换,最有可能是通过连接两个伙伴的“纳米线”所进行的直接电子转移实现的。这些作者提出,电子转移是由菌毛状结构和外膜多血红素细胞色素介导的。

原文来自:Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia

doi: 10.1038/nature15512 

6. 炫富不利于合作

财富不均和财富显示度,都会潜在影响一个社会中的合作水平,和经济成功的总体水平。Akihiro Nishi等人用一个在线游戏来测试这两个因素怎样相互作用。令人吃惊的是,财富不均本身并不会损害合作或财富总量,只要玩家不知道其他人的财富就行。但当玩家的财富可以让其他人看见时,不均就会产生一个有害作用。

原文来自: Inequality and visibility of wealth in experimental social networks

doi: 10.1038/nature15392  

7. 人工培养的肾脏细胞器

胚胎中人类肾脏的发育,依赖于两种不同的干细胞类型:一种生成收集管,另一种生成功能性肾单位。Melissa Little、Minoru Takasato及同事以前发现, “人多能干细胞”(hPSCs)能分化成这两种类型的祖细胞。他们现在识别出了不仅诱导这些结构、而且诱导周围细胞类型(包括小间隙和血管)所需的信号条件。采用这种方法,他们培养出了能重现胚胎肾脏的功能区域化的肾脏细胞器。这些细胞器中所达到的组织复杂性、功能化程度,还不能与一个正常的肾脏相比,但与正常的人类胚胎肾脏相同。重要的是,它们提供了证明自己在药物毒性筛选、在模拟遗传性肾病方面所具有潜力的证据,或许还为细胞疗法提供了特定的肾脏细胞类型。

原文来自: Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis

doi: 10.1038/nature15695 

新发现的中国南方古人类遗址(图片来源:www.nature.com)

8. 新发现中国的早期智人

来自中国南方道县福岩洞的47枚具有现代人解剖特征的牙齿化石显示,从解剖上来说的现代人至少在距今8万年前、最早可能在距今12万年前就在该地区出现了,也就是说比黎凡特和欧洲的现代人早3万-7万年。这些人在相貌上比中国北方和中部的“人族”要现代得多。该发现进一步增加了人类历史的复杂性,也表明有待发现的东西还很多。

原文来自:The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China

doi: 10.1038/nature15696 

9. 慢性淋巴性白血病的驱动基因

来自“国际癌症基因组联盟”的这篇论文,报告了用来表征500多位患者慢性淋巴性白血病,及其前兆的若干种基因组学方法所获得的结果。除了增加了在基因组的编码部分的慢性淋巴性白血病的驱动改变的数量外,这项研究还在非编码区域(包括NOTCH1的3′ UTR区域)识别出了新的频发突变(这些突变造成异常剪接事件、NOTCH1活性的增强和更具侵略性的疾病),也在一个增强子中识别出了导致“B-细胞特异性转录因子” PAX5的表达程度降低的突变。

原文来自:Non-coding recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

doi: 10.1038/nature14666 

10. 生物多样性丧失威胁生态系统稳定性

试图确定生物多样性,是否能够帮助生态系统缓冲极端气候事件影响的试验,产生了形成对比强烈的结果。Forest Isbell等人将来自46个实验的数据相结合发现,生物多样性,的确会提高一个生态系统对极端气候事件的抵抗力。只有少量物种的地块,在极端气候事件期间生产力下降了50%,而这种影响随着物种数量的增加会被减半。然而,生物多样性,对生态系统弹性没有明显影响,低生物多样处理,和高生物多样性处理,在一年内,都能够从极端气候事件中恢复过来。

原文来自:Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate extremes

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59767, encodeId=053f59e677a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59768, encodeId=18c559e6834, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880861, encodeId=931f18808617a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Mar 17 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43340, encodeId=e17043340de, content=good, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bd41660123, createdName=1dde8dabm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Nov 17 22:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43252, encodeId=ccd743252ae, content=挺好的,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d1ab1619415, createdName=lecoo, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 23:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380496, encodeId=96ba1380496b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 04:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42939, encodeId=d13242939fc, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8aa11659262, createdName=IIIi, createdTime=Tue Nov 10 07:23:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42914, encodeId=1f224291488, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cab51623450, createdName=sanshengshi, createdTime=Mon Nov 09 22:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-26 doctording1

    这篇文章有一定深度

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59767, encodeId=053f59e677a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59768, encodeId=18c559e6834, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880861, encodeId=931f18808617a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Mar 17 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43340, encodeId=e17043340de, content=good, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bd41660123, createdName=1dde8dabm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Nov 17 22:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43252, encodeId=ccd743252ae, content=挺好的,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d1ab1619415, createdName=lecoo, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 23:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380496, encodeId=96ba1380496b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 04:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42939, encodeId=d13242939fc, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8aa11659262, createdName=IIIi, createdTime=Tue Nov 10 07:23:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42914, encodeId=1f224291488, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cab51623450, createdName=sanshengshi, createdTime=Mon Nov 09 22:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-26 doctording1

    是一篇不错的文章

    0

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    2016-03-17 liye789132251
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    2015-11-15 lecoo

    挺好的,

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59767, encodeId=053f59e677a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59768, encodeId=18c559e6834, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880861, encodeId=931f18808617a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Mar 17 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43340, encodeId=e17043340de, content=good, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bd41660123, createdName=1dde8dabm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Nov 17 22:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43252, encodeId=ccd743252ae, content=挺好的,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d1ab1619415, createdName=lecoo, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 23:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380496, encodeId=96ba1380496b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 04:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42939, encodeId=d13242939fc, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8aa11659262, createdName=IIIi, createdTime=Tue Nov 10 07:23:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42914, encodeId=1f224291488, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cab51623450, createdName=sanshengshi, createdTime=Mon Nov 09 22:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-10 IIIi

    0

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    2015-11-09 sanshengshi

    0

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