亚临床动脉粥样硬化影像学评估研究进展

2015-10-23 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院 沈玲红 中国医学论坛报

美国经导管心血管治疗学术会议(TCT2015)专题报道 作者:上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院 沈玲红 10月12日TCT午间热点话题围绕易损斑块的临床检测和治疗进展展开。迈赫兰(Roxana Mehran)教授重点介绍了动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病一级预防风险评估的最新研究BioImage Study和PESA Study。 BioImage Study旨在探讨各种无创检

美国经导管心血管治疗学术会议(TCT2015)专题报道

作者:上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院 沈玲红

10月12日TCT午间热点话题围绕易损斑块的临床检测和治疗进展展开。迈赫兰(Roxana Mehran)教授重点介绍了动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病一级预防风险评估的最新研究BioImage Study和PESA Study。

BioImage Study旨在探讨各种无创检测方法在评估亚临床动脉粥样硬化患者短期内发生动脉血栓性事件风险的敏感性差异,以期为上述人群提供早期的最佳预防性治疗。研究共纳入7687名无动脉粥样硬化血栓性疾病证据、但可能在短期内发生血栓性事件的受试者,其中男性55~80岁,女性60~80岁。无创检测指标包括传统心血管危险因子、冠状动脉钙化积分(CAC)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、颈动脉斑块、超声探测腹主动脉瘤、踝臂指数。初步结果发表于《美国心脏病学会杂志》(J Am Coll Cardiol 2015,65:1065)。随访5808例患者,平均年龄69岁,56.5%为女性,CAC评估冠状动脉钙化情况,3D颈动脉超声检测双侧颈动脉斑块面积(颈动脉斑块负荷,cPB)。主要终点为主要心血管事件复合终点(心血管死亡、心肌梗死、缺血性卒中),次要终点包括全因死亡、不稳定性心绞痛和冠脉血运重建。平均随访2.7年,216例患者(4.2%)发生主要不良心脏事件(MACE),其中82例(1.5%)达到主要终点。cPB三分位方法评估表明,患者MACE风险比随颈动脉斑块负荷增加而增加,分别为0.78[95% 可信区间(CI) : 0.31~1.91],1.45(95% CI:0.67~3.14)和 2.36(95% CI:1.13~4.92)。CAC检测显示类似趋势。上述两项指标对短期动脉血栓的预测价值显著优于其他无创方法。

BioImage Study的后续研究PESA Study入选4184例40~54岁、无症状患者(平均45.8岁,男性占63%),采用2D/3D超声技术检测颈动脉、腹主动脉和髂股动脉,CT检测冠脉积分,评估全身性动脉粥样硬化程度。亚临床动脉粥样硬化定义为冠脉钙化积分≥1,具体分级为局限性钙化、中度钙化和广泛钙化。63%入选人群确诊亚临床动脉粥样硬化,其中71%为男性,41%为中度和广泛动脉粥样硬化。斑块最多见于髂股动脉(44%),其次是颈动脉(31%)和主动脉(25%),冠状动脉钙化比例最低(18%)。不同部位血管预测短期动脉血栓事件的敏感性不同,其中髂股动脉斑块的预测敏感性最高,在男性和女性患者中分别达到54.3%和30.1%。此外,在Framingham心脏研究10年风险评估(10-year FHS)低危患者中,58%被检测出亚临床动脉粥样硬化,其中中度和广泛钙化患者占36%。83%的亚临床动脉粥样硬化人群长期心血管风险评估(30-year FHS)为高危,其中66%为中度或广泛钙化。

上述结果表明,在中年人群中亚临床动脉粥样硬化广泛存在,接近半数为中度或广泛动脉粥样硬化。多数FHS评分高危患者均存在亚临床动脉粥样硬化,但部分FHS评分低危的患者也存在中重度动脉粥样硬化。BioImage Study随访至2019年结束,除2D/3D超声和CAC指标外,未来还将公布18FDG PET/MRI的诊断价值。

上述两项研究提示,影像学评估在亚临床动脉粥样硬化诊断和预防中的重要价值优于传统风险评估方法。预防动脉粥样硬化的花费低于治疗其并发症。在尚未发生症状的人群中检出亚临床期患者,对改善公共健康和降低卫生经济投入意义重大。

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