CIHFC2018:重症心力衰竭需重视营养治疗

2018-04-05 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

心力衰竭患者营养不良发生率高,尤其是进展期心力衰竭常伴恶病质。CIHFC 2018大会上,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院王涟教授在报告中强调重症心力衰竭患者需重视营养治疗,为心力衰竭患者的管理提供了新视角,现整理成文,以飨读者。

编者按:心力衰竭患者营养不良发生率高,尤其是进展期心力衰竭常伴恶病质。CIHFC 2018大会上,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院王涟教授在报告中强调重症心力衰竭患者需重视营养治疗,为心力衰竭患者的管理提供了新视角,现整理成文,以飨读者。

心力衰竭营养状况需早期评估,尽早干预

目前,心力衰竭治疗仍面临着很大挑战,心力衰竭是各种心脏病发展的严重阶段,即使综合优化治疗,患者预后仍很差,5年存活率与恶性肿瘤相似。心力衰竭分期与死亡率密切相关,神经内分泌激活和恶病质是影响心力衰竭预后的两大因素。心力衰竭患者大多伴营养不良,因不同研究人群、采用诊断标准差异较大营养不良发生率不同,可达16%~90%,尤其是进展期急性失代偿性心力衰竭,发生率达75%~90%,其中恶病质占5%~15%。



ESPEN 2015年指南中营养紊乱的概念包括营养不良、微量营养素异常和营养过剩。其中,营养不良又包括:饥饿相关性营养不良、恶病质/疾病相关营养不良,肌肉减少症和虚弱症。事实上,营养不良与恶病质概念有时混用,常合并存在,只是程度不同。心源性恶病质,主要指在既往6~12个月内,非故意、非水肿性体重减轻≥6%的总体重。恶病质是一种影响身体各个部分即骨骼肌、脂肪组织(能量储存)和骨组织(骨质疏松)的全身性消耗过程,可见于5%~15%的心力衰竭患者,特别是射血分数降低型心力衰竭(HFrEF)和较严重的患者。恶病质是心力衰竭最严重的并发症,也是患者不良预后的独立预测因素,18个月后的死亡率可达50%。心源性恶病质的病理生理学机制主要为患者机体免疫激活、代谢异常等使其体内分解代谢增加,合成代谢减少,表现为心肌功能减退、消瘦和骨质疏松等。心源性恶病质远期死亡率高,且恶病质阶段,干预效果差,因此,有必要早期评估心力衰竭患者的营养状况,进行营养干预。

心力衰竭患者的营养筛查及评估

营养风险筛查及营养评估有助于识别高危患者,各大指南对营养风险筛查的定义不同:美国糖尿病协会(ADA)对其定义是,发现患者是否存在营养问题和是否需进一步进行全面营养评估的过程;美国肠外肠内营养学会(ASPEN)中,营养风险筛查是识别与营养问题相关特点的过程,目的是发现个体是否存在营养不足和有营养不足的危险;欧洲临床营养和代谢学会(ESPEN)指南将其定义为一个快速而简单过程,通过营养筛查如果发现患者存在营养风险,即可制订营养计划。如果患者存在营养风险但不能实施营养计划和不能确定患者是否存在营养风险时,需进一步进行营养评估。



“营养风险”包含两层含义:有营养风险的患者不一定存在营养不良,但如果忽视营养风险,可进展为营养不良,进而影响预后;有些有营养风险的患者已存在营养不良。此外,营养评估的常用方法有主观全面评定法(Subjective Global Assessment,SGA)、微型营养评定(Mini Nutrition Assessment, MNA)和营养不良通用筛检工具(MUST)。

临床中,需要营养支持的心力衰竭患者有以下几种情况:营养状况正常但有营养风险(NRS-2002评分≥3分);中度营养不良预计营养摄入不足>5 d;重度营养不良;合并营养摄入不足、生长发育迟缓及停滞的儿童和青少年(强烈推荐);有手术指征的患者合并营养不良或有营养风险时,推荐先纠正营养不良,以降低手术风险。

重症心力衰竭患者的营养支持

营养支持对于重症心力衰竭患者尤其重要,它可供给机体细胞代谢所需能量与营养底物,维持组织器官结构与功能;采用通过营养素的药理作用调理代谢紊乱,调节免疫功能,增强患者机体抗病能力,从而影响疾病的发展与转归;合理的营养支持,可减少净蛋白分解,改善潜在和已发生的营养不良状态,防治并发症。另外,营养支持应在充分复苏、获得稳定的血流动力学状态、纠正严重的代谢紊乱的前提下及早开始;血流动力学不稳定时,患者需积极的血流动力学支持治疗,以维持细胞灌注,应暂停肠内营养直至复苏完全(或)病情稳定;对于重症患者,肠鸣音存在与否以及是否排气排便均不影响开始肠内喂养。



关于营养支持的途径,相关指南推荐意见是:只要胃肠道解剖与功能允许,并能安全使用,应积极采用肠内营养支持(EN)。任何原因导致胃肠道不能使用或应用不足,应考虑肠外营养(PN),或联合应用肠内营养(PN,PN+EN)。需注意的是,重症心力衰竭患者为减轻心脏负荷,需控制输入液体总量、控制体内水钠潴留;营养支持的前后应严密监测与心功能相关的指标。如血糖、血脂、中心静脉压、肺毛细血管楔压、水电解质和酸碱平衡、24小时出入量等;EN时密切观察腹部情况;及时评估营养支持的效果,并调整配方。

总结

心力衰竭患者营养不良发生率高,尤其是进展期心力衰竭常伴恶病质;营养不良导致心力衰竭合并症及死亡率增加;营养评估及营养支持是心力衰竭管理的重要组成部分;重症心力衰竭患者营养支持应控制总液体量、以肠内营养支持为主,并监测心功能指标及腹部情况;恶病质的治疗以预防、运动、营养支持为主,缺乏有效药物。


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    2018-04-07 虈亣靌

    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

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    2018-04-07 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

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    2018-04-06 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-06 yfjms

    学习

    0

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    2018-04-06 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    good好好.好文献

    0

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    2018-04-05 王秀

    学习了.涨知识了!

    0

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    2018-04-05 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-04-05 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好文章.学习了.

    0

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