Lancet:多学科讨论:急性冠脉综合征患者PCI后降阶梯治疗不输标准治疗

2017-11-28 石岩 环球医学

2017年10月,发表在《Lancet》的一项由德国、匈牙利、波兰和奥地利科学家进行的随机、开放式标签的多中心试验(TROPICAL-ACS),考察了相比于标准普拉格雷治疗,指导降阶梯抗血小板治疗对经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的有效性和安全性。

2017年10月,发表在《Lancet》的一项由德国、匈牙利、波兰和奥地利科学家进行的随机、开放式标签的多中心试验(TROPICAL-ACS),考察了相比于标准普拉格雷治疗,指导降阶梯抗血小板治疗对经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的有效性和安全性。请看本期多学科讨论组临床药师各抒己见为您梳理本文看点——

背景:目前指南推荐在PCI治疗ACS后使用12个月强效抑制剂普拉格雷或替格瑞洛。但是,强效抗血小板药物比低效氯吡格雷在早期可显示出最大的抗缺血获益,而在慢性治疗期间出现的出血事件最多。因此,急性期内强效血小板抑制剂的适合阶段治疗和维持期内的氯吡格雷降阶梯治疗可能是一种替代方法。研究人员旨在考察由血小板功能检测(PFT)指导的从普拉格雷至氯吡格雷的早期降阶梯抗血小板治疗的安全性和有效性。

方法:这项调查者发起的、随机、开放式标签、评估者设盲、多中心试验(TROPICAL-ACS)是在欧洲33个中心完成的,患者纳入标准是成功PCI且生物标记物阳性的ACS并计划接受双联抗血小板治疗12个月。采用计算生成的区组随机及研究中心的分层将纳入的患者随机分配(1:1)至接受标准治疗普拉格雷12个月(对照组)或降阶梯方案(1周普拉格雷,随后1周氯吡格雷和出院后14日起接受PFT指导的维持疗法[氯吡格雷或普拉格雷];指导的降阶梯组)。治疗分组对评估者设盲。主要终点是随机分配后1年净临床获益(心血管死亡、心肌梗塞、卒中或根据出血学术研究联合会[BARC]标准的出血级别≥2)(非劣效性假设;界限是30%)。按意向治疗分析。本研究已在ClinicalTrials.gov注册,注册号NCT01959451和EudraCT,2013-001636-22。

结果:2013年12月2日~2016年5月20日间,2610名患者被分配至研究组:1304名被分配至指导的降阶梯组,1306名被分配至对照组。指导的降阶梯组有95名患者(7%)出现主要终点,对照组有118名患者(9%)(P非劣效性=0.0004;风险比[HR] 0.81[95%CI 0.62~1.06],p优效性=0.12)。尽管早期开始降阶梯治疗,但同对照组(42名患者[3%])相比,降阶梯组的心血管死亡、心肌梗塞或卒中的联合风险没有增加(32名患者[3%];p非劣效性=0.0115)。降阶梯组有64例BARC ≥2的出血事件(5%),对照组有79例事件(6%)(HR 0.82[95%CI,0.59~1.13];p=0.23)。

结论:PCI后1年PFT指导的降阶梯抗血小板治疗的净临床获益不劣效于标准普拉格雷治疗。试验显示早期降阶梯抗血小板治疗可被认为是PCI治疗的ACS患者的一个替代方法。

多学科讨论记实:

当前ACS指南推荐ACS经过PCI后给予强效P2Y12抑制剂1年。但是在临床实践中ACS后经常采用抗血小板治疗的降阶梯治疗策略,大约15~28%的ACS患者出院后把强效抗血小板药物更换为低效抗血小板药物。这包括几个原因,担心出血或非出血性不良事件或花费问题(比如氯吡格雷过了专利保护期更便宜)。

然而,把强效抗血小板药物换为低效氯吡格雷的降阶梯治疗策略面临着一些问题,比如氯吡格雷的巨大的反应变异性。高治疗血小板反应性(HPR)在ACS患者中很常见。它会增加缺血事件复发风险,包括心梗和支架术后血栓形成。PFT可以识别对氯吡格雷HPR的患者,识别出由于P2Y12抑制不足血栓事件风险增加的患者,这些患者可以继续使用强效P2Y12抑制剂比如普拉格雷。因此,PFT可用于降阶梯治疗。

该临床试验存在局限性。首先,研究选择的30%的非劣效性边界可以被认为是一个潜在的限制。其次,因为协议授权选择普拉格雷,因此研究结果在多大程度上可以延伸到替格瑞洛仍不清楚。但是,普拉格雷和替格瑞洛具有非常相似的P2Y12抑制作用,在ACS患者中比较这两种药物的随机研究也显示了相似的有效性和安全性,这表明研究发现确实可以应用于替格瑞洛治疗的ACS。另外,这一研究将高出血风险的患者排除,易出血并发症的患者是否首先从有效的血小板抑制中获益尚不清楚。因此,在一个研究组中使用普拉格雷的容易出血的患者可能受限于优先使用氯吡格雷,并降低了对有效血小板抑制的依从性。最后,试验的局限性还包括开放标签设计、在两个研究组中排除有卒中病史及失访的患者比例均为4%。

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