梅毒螺旋体感染:教你读懂TPPA与RPR

2018-08-14 刘水桂 SIFIC感染官微

患者在进行手术、或输血前,主管医生一般会给患者开梅毒检测,但检测结果出来以后,对于非皮肤科医生看这梅毒结果报告单来说,也有点纳闷了难免会有疑惑,这报告单上TPPA阳性,但RPR阴性,患者是否到底有没有感染梅毒了?

患者在进行手术、或输血前,主管医生一般会给患者开梅毒检测,但检测结果出来以后,对于非皮肤科医生看这梅毒结果报告单来说,也有点纳闷了难免会有疑惑,这报告单上TPPA阳性,但RPR阴性,患者是否到底有没有感染梅毒了?

带着以上的问题,我们一起来回顾一下梅毒的有关知识吧。

梅毒是由苍白密螺旋体苍白亚种(又名梅毒螺旋体)感染人体所引起的一种慢性、系统性性传播疾病,可引起人体多系统多器官损害,产生多种临床表现,导致组织破坏,功能失常,甚至危及生命。

梅毒血清学检查是诊断梅毒的重要依据,对梅毒早期诊断,发现传染源及控制梅毒传播具有重要意义。因此,全面的认识和了解梅毒抗体检测对指导临床诊断和疗效观察具有重要意义。

当人体感染梅毒螺旋体后4~10周,血清中可产生一定数量的抗类脂质抗原的非特异性抗体和抗梅毒螺旋体抗原的特异性抗体。根据检测所用抗原不同,可以分为二类检测方法:


上述的实验方法中,医院一般只检测非梅毒螺旋体血清学实验(VDRL、RPR、TRUST三种方法中一种),梅毒螺旋体血清学试验(TPPA、TPHA、FTA-ABS、ELISA、CLIA、RT六种方法中一种),大多数医院常见的检查方法为RPR和TPPA。下面介绍一下两种实验方法的实验原理。

非梅毒螺旋体非特异性抗体血清学试验原理

梅毒螺旋体一旦感染人体,人体迅速对被损害的宿主细胞以及梅毒螺旋体细胞表面所释放的类脂物质作出免疫应答,在3周~4周产生抗类脂抗原的抗体(亦称为反应素),这些抗体主要是IgG和IgM型混合抗体。非梅毒螺旋体试验是使用心磷脂、卵磷脂及胆固醇作为抗原的絮状凝集试验。反应素与卵磷脂遇水形成胶体溶液,胆固醇遇水形成结晶。当抗原与抗体(反应素)混合发生反应时,后者即粘附胶体微粒的周围,形成疏水性薄膜。由于摇动、碰撞,使颗粒与颗粒互相粘附而形成肉眼可见的颗粒凝集和沉淀,即为阳性反应。

RPR试验是VDRL试验的一种改良方法。该法是在抗原中加入活性炭颗粒作为指示物,加入了氯化胆碱,因此血清不需灭活。特制的白色纸卡替代了玻片。试验结果易于判断,肉眼即可观察。也可用血浆进行检测,试验结果可保存。抗原放4℃冰箱可保存1年。

梅毒螺旋体血清学试验的基本原理

采用梅毒螺旋体提取物或其重组蛋白作为抗原,为特异性抗原,检测血清中抗梅毒螺旋体IgG或IgM抗体,其敏感性和特异性均较高。

TPPA试验用梅毒螺旋体提取物致敏明胶颗粒,此致敏颗粒与人血清中的抗梅毒螺旋体抗体结合,产生可见的凝集反应。明胶颗粒为玫瑰红色,便于肉眼观察结果。

试验结果判断:实试验的两个检测结果需要综合来看:


 第一种情况:

RPR试验阳性,TPPA试验阳性,为正在感染梅毒,患者需要及时治疗。

 第二种情况:

RPR试验阴性,TPPA试验阳性。分析如下:1、多数为既往感染梅毒,现已治愈或自愈,TPPA一般会终身阳性;2、感染梅毒的非常早期,不足6周,RPR还测不到,TPPA一般较RPR出现阳性的时间早,4周后需复查RPR。

 第三种情况:

RPR试验阳性,TPPA试验阴性。此时大多数情况见于:实验室误差、某些疾病导致假阳性。常见的疾病有细菌性心内膜、软下疳、传染性单核细胞增多症、某些传染病如病毒性肝炎、结核病、麻风、麻疹、疟疾、水痘等、支原体或肺炎双球菌引起的肺炎。不再需要复查RPR。

 第四种情况:

RPR试验阴性,TPPA试验阴性。排除梅毒感染。

总之,梅毒的确诊需要TPPA和RPR两项指标同时阳性,单一指标阳性均不能确诊为梅毒。

TPPA和RPR会转阴吗?

TPPA是用于确证试验的指标,用于判断患者是否感染过梅毒,感染过梅毒的患者经过规范治疗,即使梅毒治愈后,再次检测该指标,一般还会出现阳性,该指标不会随着时间的消逝而变成阴性。

RPR适用于各期梅毒的诊断。可用于疗效观察、判愈、判定复发或再感染。早期梅毒经治疗后RPR血清滴度可下降或转阴,但有的人RPR滴度从1:64降到1:2、1:1甚至维持在1:4或1:8,降低到一定程度就不降了,总是降不到阴性,就保持在比较低水平的阳性上,这是属于血清固定现象,患者一般是梅毒治愈了,没有传染性。

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    2022-07-03 ms9000000094095327

    学习了

    0

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    2018-08-16 王秀

    学习了,涨知识了!

    0

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    2018-08-14 明心见性

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0