Diabetes:运动拯救精子!哈佛科学家发现运动能逆转高脂饮食对精子的有害影响,降低后代患肥胖和糖尿病的风险

2018-12-04 奇点糕 奇点网

最近,美国哈佛医学院Laurie Goodyear和俄亥俄州立大学的Kristin Stanford博士在小鼠中发现,运动逆转了父亲因高脂饮食对精子造成的不良影响,从而改善了后代的葡萄糖代谢缺陷。这有助于减少后代的肥胖和2型糖尿病风险。

最近,美国哈佛医学院Laurie Goodyear和俄亥俄州立大学的Kristin Stanford博士在小鼠中发现,运动逆转了父亲因高脂饮食对精子造成的不良影响,从而改善了后代的葡萄糖代谢缺陷。这有助于减少后代的肥胖和2型糖尿病风险。

他们发现,当雄性小鼠吃高脂饮食时,不仅其本“鼠”体重上升,他们的后代也出现了代谢缺陷。而如果让吃高脂饮食的父亲同时进行锻炼,其生育的后代的健康状况就有了明显改善。这一切,都源自在于精子中小RNA的改变。这项研究发表在近期的著名学术期刊Diabetes上。


左Goodyear博士,右Stanford博士

表观遗传的例子已经有很多了。不久前,我们刚报道了父亲吸烟能影响自己精子中DNA的甲基化状态,损害后代大脑功能的研究。

其实不仅是吸烟,父母的营养状况也会影响后代的健康。

无论是在小鼠还是人类中都发现,母亲营养过剩或者营养不足都会对后代有不利影响,影响包括胎儿发育,后代生长以及长远的健康。此外还有研究表明,父亲也会导致后代出现肥胖症或代谢紊乱。

在小鼠模型中就发现,吃高脂饮食或者低蛋白的雄鼠的后代,胚胎甲基化,胎儿发育,以及长期的血管功能,代谢健康都受到了负面影响。

唉,看着都是有害的遗传,难道父亲就不能给孩子带给好的影响吗?

这些有害的表观遗传好像都是不好的习惯引起的。那一些好的习惯,比如运动,能让人聪明,健美,又强壮,是否也可以遗传呢?Goodyear博士很赞赏这个想法。

她的团队在小鼠中进行了实验。他们给雄性小鼠喂食高脂饮食或普通饮食,3周后发现高脂饮食的小鼠体重明显要更高,葡萄糖耐受能力也被损害了。不仅如此,这些小鼠的后代体重更重,葡萄糖耐受能力变弱,而且胰岛素耐受能力也受到了损害。

在另外一组实验中,研究人员让高脂饮食的雄性小鼠同时进行跑步锻炼,发现其生育的后代就健康多了。体重和正常食物组的后代类似,葡萄糖和胰岛素耐受能力也处于正常水平。父亲锻炼后,这些损害在后代中不存在了!


饮食和锻炼对小鼠体重及葡萄糖耐受能力的影响

那到底是哪些组织增加了对葡萄糖的耐受呢?将放射性标记的脱氧葡萄糖注射到小鼠血液中,经对比发现,锻炼过的小鼠的后代骨骼肌,腓肠肌,趾长伸肌以及心脏处的葡萄糖吸收都有明显增加。此外,腹膜处的脂肪组织也吸收了更多的葡萄糖。

锻炼过的父亲生育的后代对葡萄糖的吸收能力明显增加了,这对于血糖的控制有重要意义!

父亲锻炼究竟是如何影响到后代的呢?

只能到精子中去找了。

对比吃高脂饮食和普通饮食,以及锻炼和没锻炼的小鼠的精子,发现他们的精子数量倒是没什么差别,但是精子的运动能力却明显不同。吃高脂饮食又喜欢久坐的小鼠,运动的精子比例最低;吃高脂饮食后被“强迫”锻炼的小鼠,运动精子的比例回到了和吃普通饮食的小鼠一个水平。原来,如果父亲运动的话,他们的“小蝌蚪”也喜欢运动,变得更有活力!

当然,说到遗传,那就避不开遗传物质了。

研究人员将这些小鼠精子里的小RNA进行了测序,发现高脂饮食改变了精子中一些小RNA的丰度,而这些小RNA之前被证明会影响后代的代谢功能。

有意思的是,有运动习惯的雄性小鼠的精子中,这些小RNA又回到正常水平了。也就是说那些由高脂饮食引起的,本来是准备“躲”在精子“祸害”后代的负面因子,在父亲的努力锻炼下,被消灭在了萌芽中!


不同组小鼠的精子活力和小RNA的变化

本文作者表示,这项研究第一次详细展示了运动对于精子中小RNA的影响,为未来的探索打下了一个坚实的基础。更重要的是,他们发现父亲锻炼可能有助于减少下一代肥胖和2型糖尿病的犯病风险。

高脂饮食或者锻炼的影响对个体本身来说,可能只是会存在于某些组织中,而且更多是实时的。但是若被刻在精子里遗传给了后代,那后代全身的细胞可能会都带有这种影响,而且很有可能是终身的。

加拿大麦吉尔大学的表观遗传学家Sarah Kimmins表示:“这项科学研究的结果非常坚实,而且非常令人兴奋!”

运动对于本人的好处已不需要我们多说,抵抗肥胖,增强血管能力,促进肌肉合成,改善大脑环境……数不胜数。

父亲对孩子的爱,可以在他们出生前就给予。还有什么理由不去运动呢?

原始出处:Stanford KI, Rasmussen M, Baer LA, et al. Paternal Exercise Improves Glucose Metabolism in Adult Offspring. Diabetes. 2018 Dec;67(12):2530-2540.

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    2018-12-05 amyloid
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    2018-12-05 pcw111
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    2018-12-04 misszhang

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